CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Syllabus - Free PDF Download
CISCE Syllabus 2025-26 ISC Class 12: The CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Syllabus for the examination year 2025-26 has been released by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, CISCE. The board will hold the final examination at the end of the year following the annual assessment scheme, which has led to the release of the syllabus. The 2025-26 CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Board Exam will entirely be based on the most recent syllabus. Therefore, students must thoroughly understand the new CISCE syllabus to prepare for their annual exam properly.
The detailed CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Syllabus for 2025-26 is below.
Academic year:
CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Revised Syllabus
CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) and their Unit wise marks distribution
CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Course Structure 2025-26 With Marking Scheme
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Syllabus
CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 1: Relative Molecular Mass and Mole
1.1 Raoult's law and colligative properties
- Vapour Pressure of Liquid
- Vapour Pressure of Liquid- Liquid Solutions
- Raoult's Law
- Vapour Pressure of Liquid- Liquid Solutions
- Raoult'S Law and Colligative Properties
- Intensive property
definition and examples
- Extensive Property
definition and examples
- Azeotropic Mixtures – Definition, Types and Examples
- Solubility of Gases in Liquids
Numericals
- Intensive property
- Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions
- Ideal Solutions
- Non-ideal Solutions
- Non-ideal solutions - positive deviation from Rauolt's Law
- Non-ideal solutions - negative deviation from Rauolt's Law
- Factors responsible for deviation from Raoult’s law
- Solute-solvent interactions
- Dissociation of solute
- Association of solute
- Temperature
- Pressure
- Concentration
- Solubility
- Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid
- Factors affecting the solubility of gases in liquids
1) Nature of gas (solute) and liquid (solvent)
2) Effect of temperature
3) Effect of pressure - Limitations of Henry's law
- Applications of Henry's law
1) In the production of carbonated beverages
2) In scuba diving (deep-sea diving)
3) At high altitudes
- Factors affecting the solubility of gases in liquids
- Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid
1.2 Dissociation- Electrolytic solute
- Dissociation- Electrolytic Solute
- Dissociation- Electrolytic Solute
- Meaning of Electrolytic Solute
if strong electrolyte
- Meaning of Electrolytic Solute
if weak electrolyte
- Numericals
Dissociation- Electrolytic solute
1.3 Relative molecular mass of non-volatile substances
- Relative Molecular Mass of Non-volatile Substances
- Relative Molecular Mass of Non-volatile Substances
- Relative Molecular Mass of Non-volatile Substances
- Determination of Relative Molecular Mass
- Determination of Relative Molecular Mass
- Depression in Freezing Point
- Freezing point depression as a consequence of vapour pressure lowering
- Freezing point depression and concentration of solute
- Molar mass of solute from freezing point depression
- Freezing Point Depression
molal depression constant (cryoscopic constant)
- Freezing Point Depression
Numericals
- Elevation in Boiling Point Method
Relative molecular mass
- Boiling Point Elevation
molal elevation constant or ebullioscopic constant
- Boiling point elevation as a consequence of vapour pressure lowering
- Boiling point elevation and concentration of solute
- Molar mass of solute from boiling point elevation
- Boiling Point Elevation
Numericals
- Osmotic Pressure and Its Application in the Determination of Relative Molecular Mass
- Van’t Hoff- Boyle’s Law
- Van’t Hoff- Charles’ Law
statement, mathematical form, simple calculations
- Van’t Hoff- Avogadro’s law
- Van’t Hoff
Numericals
- Van’t Hoff Factor for the Electrolytes Which Dissociate and the Molecules Which Associate in Solution
- Van’t Hoff Factor
- Modification of the Formula of Colligative Properties Based on Van’t Hoff Factor
- Calculation of Degree of Dissociation and Association
- Van’t Hoff Equation and Its Interpretation
- Simple Numerical Problems on Different Methods for the Determination of Molecular Masses
- Abnormal Molecular Masses in Case of Electrolytes and in Case of Solutes Which Associate
1.4 Association
- Association
- Association
- The Meaning of Association with Respect to Dimer Formation
- Numericals
Association
1.5 Normality, molality
- Normality, Molality
- Normality, Molality, Molarity, Mole Fraction, as Measures of Concentration
defination with examples
- Simple Problems Relating Mass, Molar Mass and Mole
Normality, molality
- Normality, Molality, Molarity, Mole Fraction, as Measures of Concentration
1.6 Nonvolatile, non electrolytic solute
- Nonvolatile, Non Electrolytic Solute
- Nonvolatile, Non Electrolytic Solute
- Explanation of Non-volatile Solute and Non-electrolytic Solute with Examples
CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 2: States of Matters: Structure and Properties Solid State
- Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells
- Unit cell
- Crystal lattice or space lattice
- Two-dimensional lattice and unit cell
- Three-dimensional lattice and unit cell
- States of Matters: Structure and Properties Solid State
- Relation Between Radius, Edge Length and Nearest Neighbour Distance of Atoms in a Unit Cell
- Interstitial Void
- Imperfections in Solids, Ionic, Metallic and Atomic Solids, Electrical and Magnetic Properties
- Definition of Crystal Lattice
- Definition of Unit Cell
- Types of Unit Cell
Types of unit cell (scc, fcc, bcc)
- Calculation of the Number of Atoms per Unit Cell
- Concept of Radius, Edge Length and Nearest Neighbour Distance
- Calculation of Density of Unit Cell
Calculation of density of unit cell, formula of the compound – numericals based on it
- Packing in 3 – D
packing in 3 – D, packing fraction in scc, fcc, bcc with derivation
- Voids – Types, Location, Formation
voids – types, location, formation (derivation of radius of voids).
- Characteristics of Crystalline Solids;
ionic (NaCl), metallic (Cu), atomic (diamond and graphite)
- Point Defects – F Centers
Point defects: Stoichiometric, non- stoichiometric and impurity defects (F- centres).
- Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions
- Calculation of density of unit cell
- Amorphous and Crystalline Solids
- Classification of solids
- Crystalline solids
- Amorphous solids
- The distinction between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
- Isomorphous solids and polymorphous solids
- Electrical Properties
Electrical properties: Conductors, semiconductors (n & p types) and insulators (Band Theory), piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity.
- Magnetic Properties
- Magnetic properties:
- Magnetising field
- Magnetic permeability
- Intensity of magnetisation
- Magnetic induction or total magnetic field
- Magnetic susceptibility
- Substances can be classified into five categories:
- Paramagnetic
- Diamagnetic
- Ferromagnetic
- Antiferromagnetic
- Ferrimagnetic
CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 3: Chemical Kinetics
3.01 Order of a reaction
- Order of a Reaction
- Order-reaction (Meaning)
- Relation Between Order and Stoichiometric Coefficients in Balanced Equations
- Order as an Experimental Quantity
- Rate Equation for Zero Order Reaction and Its Unit
- Mathematical Derivation of Rate Equation for First Order Reaction
- Characteristics of First Order Reaction
- Definition of Half-life Period
- Derivation of Expression of Half-life Period from First Order Rate Equation
- Problems Based on First Order Rate Equation and Half Life Period
3.02 Collision Theory
- Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions
- Collision between reactant molecules
- Energy requirement - Activation energy
- Orientation of reactant molecules
- Collision Theory
- Condition for a Chemical change
Close contact, particles should collide, heat, light, electricity, pressure, catalysts with examples
- Collisions to Be Effective
optimum energy and proper orientation during collision
- Energy Barrier Built-up When the Collision is About to Take Place
- Activated Complex Formation
- Difference in Energy of the Reactant and the Product
exoergic and endoergic reactions with proper graphs and labelling
- Condition for a Chemical change
3.03 Mechanism of the reaction
- Chemical Kinetics
- Mechanism of the Reaction
- Mechanism of the Reaction
- Meaning of Elementary Reaction
- Meaning of Complex and Overall Reaction
- Explanation of the Mechanism of the Reaction
- Bottleneck principle and slow step
- Relationship Between the Rate Expression, Order of Reactants and Products at the Rate- Determining Step
- Units of Rate Constant
3.04 Effect of temperature on the rate constant of a reaction
- Chemical Kinetics
- Effect of Temperature on the Rate Constant of a Reaction
- Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions
- Collision between reactant molecules
- Energy requirement - Activation energy
- Orientation of reactant molecules
- Effect of Temperature on the Rate Constant of a Reaction
- Meaning of the Symbols of Arrhenius Equation
- Related Graph, Evaluation of Ea and a from the Graph
- Meaning of Slope of the Graph
- Conversion from Exponential to Log Form of the Equation
- Relationship Between the Increase in Temperature and the Number of Collisions
- Numerical Based on Arrhenius Equation
3.05 The concept of energy
- Chemical Kinetics
- The Concept of Energy
- The Concept of Energy
- Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
- Concept of Energy Barrier
- Threshold Energy
- Formation of Activated Complex
- Effect of Catalyst on Activation Energy and Reaction Rate
- Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction
- Activation energy
- Arrhenius equation
- Most probable kinetic energy
- Effect of Catalyst
3.06 Catalyst
- Catalyst
- Catalyst Defination
- Types of Catalyst
positive and negative
- Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalyst
based on the state of the reactant and the catalyst
- Elementary Treatment of Intermediate Compound Formation Theory with Examples
- Adsorption Theory
- Characteristics of a Catalyst
promoter, poison, specificity
- Surface Area of a Catalyst
- Effect of Catalyst on the Rate of Reaction
3.07 Meaning of Chemical Kinetics
- Meaning of Chemical Kinetics
- Scope and Importance of Kinetics of the Reaction
- Slow and Fast Reactions
explanation in terms of bonds
3.08 Rate of Reaction
- Rate of Chemical Reaction
- Rate of a Reaction
- Representation of Rate of Reaction in Terms of Reactants and Products
- Determination of Rate of Reactions Graphically
- Instantaneous and Average Rate of Reaction
- Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction
3.09 Law of Mass Action
- Law of Mass Action
- Statement and Meaning of Active Mass
- Explanation with an Example – General Reactions
Law of Mass Action
- Chemical Kinetics
- Law of Mass Action
3.1 Effect of concentration of reactants on the rate of a reaction
- Chemical Kinetics
- Effect of Concentration of Reactants on the Rate of a Reaction
- Dependence of Rate on Reactant Concentrations: Rate Law and Rate Constant
- Qualitative Treatment
Based on the law of Mass Action
- Statement of Rate Law
- General rate equation
Rate = k(Concentration of the reactant) n
- Relation Between the Rate of the Reaction with Rate Constant with Respect to Various Reactants
- Qualitative Treatment
3.11 Molecularity of the reaction
- Chemical Kinetics
- Molecularity of the Reaction
- Molecularity of the Reaction
- Meaning – Physical Picture
- Relation Between Order, Molecularity and the Rate of a Reaction
- Differences Between Order and Molecularity of a Reaction
CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 4: Chemical Equilibria
4.1 Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium
- Chemical Equilibria
- Reversible Reactions and Dynamic Equilibrium
- Reversible Reactions and Dynamic Equilibrium
- Characteristics of Chemical Equilibrium
- The Dynamic Nature
Law of mass action
- Equilibrium Constant in Terms of Concentration Kc
- Gaseous Reactions
- Equilibrium Constant in Terms of Partial Pressures Kp
- Relationship Between Kp and Kc
Derivation required
- Characteristics of Equilibrium Constant
- Units for Equilibrium Constant
- Simple Calculations of Equilibrium Constant and Concentration
- Synthesis of Ammonia by Haber’s Proces
- Hydrolysis of Simple Esters
- The Dissociation of Dinitrogen Tetra Oxide
- The Contact Process for the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid
4.2 Le Chatelier’s Principle and its applications to chemical equilibria
- Factors affecting equilibrium: Le Chatelier’s principle
- Le Chatelier’s Principle
Statement and explanation
- Change of Concentration
- Effect of change in concentration
- Change of Temperature
- Effect of change in temperature
- Change of Pressure
- Effect of change in pressure
- Effect of Catalyst
- Addition of Inert Gas
- Effect of addition of inert gas
- Addition of an inert gas at constant volume
- Addition of an inert gas at constant pressure
- Le Chatelier’s Principle
CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 5: Ionic Equilibria
5.1 Arrhenius, Brönsted-Lowry and Lewis concept of acids and bases
- Acids
- Arrhenius, Bronsted-lowry and Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases
- Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases
- The Brönsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
- Lewis Acids and Bases
- Arrhenius, Bronsted-lowry and Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases
5.2 Ionic product of water, pH of solutions and pH indicators
- Ionic Equilibria
- Multistage Ionization of Acids and Bases with Examples
Ionic Equilibria
- Multistage Ionization of Acids and Bases with Examples
5.3 Salt hydrolysis
- Ionic Equilibria
- Salt Hydrolysis
- Salts of strong acid and a strong base
- Hydrolysis of Salt of strong base and weak acid (Anionic Hydrolysis)
- Hydrolysis of salt of strong acid and weak base (Cationic Hydrolysis)
- Hydrolysis of Salt of weak acid and weak base (Anionic & Cationic Hydrolysis)
- Salt Hydrolysis
5.4 Buffer solutions
- Buffer Solutions
- Types of buffer solutions
- Buffer action
- Buffer capacity and buffer index
- Henderson - Hasselbalch equation
- Properties of buffer solution
- Applications of buffer solution
- In biochemical system
- Agriculture
- Industry
- Medicine
- Analytical chemistry
- Ionic Equilibria
- Buffer Action
- Buffer Interpretations
based on Le Chatelier’s principle
- Buffer
Numericals
5.5 Solubility product and its applications
- Solubility Product
- Solubility product
definition and application in qualitative salt analysis (Group II, III and IV cations).
- Solubility product
- Solubility equilibria
- Relationship between solubility and solubility product
- Condition of precipitation
- Determination of solubility product from molar solubility
- Solubility product
5.6 Ostwald’s dilution law and its derivation
- Ionic Equilibria
- Ostwald’s Dilution Law and Its Derivation
- Strength of Acids and Bases Based on Their Dissociation Constant
Ionic Equilibria
5.7 Common ion effect
- Ionization of Acids and Bases
- Common Ion Effect in the Ionization of Acids and Bases
- Ionic Equilibria
- Common Ion Effect Example
acetic acid and Sodium acetate; ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride
- Common Ion Effect Example
CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
6.1 Faraday’s laws of Electrolysis, Coulometer
- Applications of Electrolysis
- Faraday’S Laws of Electrolysis
- Coulometer
- Faraday’s 1st Law of Electrolysis
Statement, mathematical form
- Faraday’s 1st Law of Electrolysis
Numericals
- Faraday’s 2nd Law of Electrolysis
Simple problems
- Faraday’s 2nd Law of Electrolysis
Statement, mathematical form
6.2 Galvanic cells, mechanism of current production in a galvanic cell;
- Batteries
- Primary Batteries
- Dry cell
- Mercury cell
- Primary Batteries
- Galvanic Cells, Mechanism of Current Production in a Galvanic Cell;
- Mechanism of Current Production in a Galvanic Cell
- Electrochemical Series
- Galvanic Cells - Introduction
- principle – oxidation reduction
Galvanic cells
- Mechanism of Production of Electric Current in a Galvanic Cell
- Measurement of potential
Galbanic Cell
- Single Electrode Potentials
Galvaniv cell
- Electrical Double Layer
- Standard Hydrogen Electrode
definition, preparation, application and limitations
- Nernst Equation - Introduction
- Derivation of Nernst equation
- Applications of Nernst equation
6.3 Relation between Faraday, Avogadro’s number and charge on an electron
- Electrochemistry
- Relation Between Faraday, Avogadro’S Number and Charge on an Electron
F = NAe
- Relation Between Faraday, Avogadro’S Number and Charge on an Electron
6.4 Electrolytic conductance
- Electrochemistry
- Electrolytic Conductance
- Kohlrausch's law
Numericals
- Electrolytic Conductance
- Specific Conductance
- Measuring of Molar and Equivalent Conductance
- Comparison of Metallic Conductance and Electrolytic Conductance
- Relationship Between Conductance and Resistance
F = NAe
- Specific Resistance and Specific Conductance
- Cell Constant: Calculation of Cell Constant
F = NAe
- Measuring of Molar and Equivalent Conductance
- General Relationship Between
specific conductance, molar conductance and equivalent conductance
- Units, numericals, graph
Electrolytic conductance
- Molar Conductance of a Weak Electrolyte at a Given Concentration and at Infinite Dilution
- Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions
- Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration
- Variation of conductivity with concentration
- Molar conductivity
- Limiting molar conductivity
- Variation of molar conductivity for strong electrolytes
- Kohlrausch's law of independent migration of ions
- Variation of molar conductivity for weak electrolytes
- Applications of Kohlrausch's law
- Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration
6.5 Batteries
- Electrochemistry
- Batteries
- Batteries
- Primary and Secondary Cells
- Lead storage battery
structure, reactions and uses
- fuel cell
structure, reactions and uses
6.6 Corrosion
- Corrosion of Metals
- Corrosion
- Experiment
- Rusting Process and Corrosion Effect
- Mechanism of Electrochemical Reaction
Corrosion
- Factors Affecting Corrosion
- Prevention of Corrosion
- Coating with a Protective Layer
- Metal Plating (Galvanization, Tinning, Electroplating)
- Anodization (Formation of Oxide Layer)
- Alloying (Corrosion-Resistant Alloys)
CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 7: Coordination Compounds
- Coordination Compounds
- Concept of Complexes
- Classification of Ligands
- Coordination Sphere
- Magnetic Characteristics of Coordination Compounds on the Basis of Valence Bond Theory and Crystal Field Theory
- Stability Constant
- Differences with a Double Salt
- calculation for a complex coordination sphere
coordination number
- Study of Oxidation State of an Element in a Complex
- IUPAC rules of nomenclature of coordination compounds
- Definitions of Some Important Terms Pertaining to Coordination Compounds
Coordination entity, Central atom/ion, Ligands, Colour, Shapes, Coordination number, Coordination sphere, Coordination polyhedron, Oxidation number of central atom, Homoleptic and heteroleptic complexes, charge number
- Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds - Naming of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds
- Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds
- Bonding in Coordination Compounds
- Valence Bond Theory (VBT)
- Valence bond theory (VBT)
- Salient features of valence bond theory
- Coordination number and types of hybridisation
- Steps used to understand metal-ligand bonding in coordination complex using valence bond theory
- Structures of some complex compounds based on valence bond theory
- Magnetic properties of coordination compounds based on Valence Bond Theory
- Limitations of valence bond theory
- Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
- Crystal field theory
- Crystal field splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination entities
- Application of crystal field theory to octahedral complexes and tetrahedral complexes
- Limitations of Crystal Field Theory
- Valence Bond Theory (VBT)
- Stability of Coordination Compounds
- Stability of coordination compounds
- Factors which govern stability of the complex
- Charge to size ratio of the metal ion
- Nature of the ligand
- Stability of chelates
- Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
- Stereoisomers
- Structural isomers (Constitutional isomers)
- Optical Isomerism
CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 8: Chemistry of p-Block Elements: Group 16, 17, 18
- Concept of Group 16 Elements
Occurrence, Electronic Configuration, Atomic and Ionic Radii, Ionisation Enthalpy, Electron Gain Enthalpy, Electronegativity, Physical Properties and Chemical Properties (Oxidation states and trends in chemical reactivity and Anomalous behaviour of oxygen)
- P - Block Group 16 Elements
- Oxygen, Sulphur, Selenieum, Tellurium
- Ozone
- Preparation, properties, structures, and uses
- Sulphur - Allotropic Forms
- Rhombic sulphur (α-sulphur)
- Monoclinic sulphur (β-sulphur)
- Compounds of Sulphur
- Sulphur Dioxide
- Preparation, Properties, Uses
- Laboratory and Industrial Preparation from Sulphites and Sulphide Ores
- Reaction of Sulphur Dioxide
with NaOH, Cl2 and KMnO4
- Sulphuric Acid
- Preparation, properties, structures, and uses
- Concept of Group 17 Elements
Occurrence, Electronic Configuration, Atomic and Ionic Radii, Ionisation Enthalpy, Electron Gain Enthalpy, Electronegativity, Physical Properties and Chemical Properties (Oxidation states and trends in chemical reactivity and Anomalous behaviour of fluorine)
- P - Block Group 17 Elements
- Anomalous Behaviour of Fluorine
- Fluorine
- Reaction of Fluorine
with hydrogen, water, hydrogen sulphide, dilute and conc. Alkalies
- Chlorine
preparation from MnO2 and HCl, from NaCl, MnO2 and conc. H2SO4 (only equations)
- Interhalogen Compounds
- Structures of Interhalogen compounds
- Oxoacids of Halogens
- Oxides and oxoacids of halogens
- P - Block Group 18 Elements
- Concept of Group 18 Elements
Occurrence, Electronic Configuration, Ionisation Enthalpy, Atomic Radii, Electron Gain Enthalpy, Physical Properties and Chemical Properties (Xenon-fluorine compounds and Xenon-oxygen compounds)
- State, Low Reactivity
Group 18 Elements
- Formation of Xenon Compounds with Fluorine and Oxygen – Equation
- Concept of Group 18 Elements
- Hybridization, Shape and Structure of Compounds
CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 9: Preparation/ Manufacture, Properties and Uses of Compounds of Groups 16, 17, – Ozone, Sulphur Dioxide, Sulphuric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid
- P - Block Group 16 Elements
- Ozone
- Preparation, properties, structures, and uses
- Sulphuric Acid
- Preparation, properties, structures, and uses
- Ozone
- Ozone Layer Depletion
- Manufacture by Siemen’s Ozoniser
- Thermal Decomposition of Ozone
- Oxidising Nature
ozone
- Reaction with Lead Sulphide, Potassium Iodide and Mercury
- Ozonolysis of Ethene
- Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
- Ozone Layer Depletion
- causes and prevention (to be covered theoretically, no reactions are required)
- Formation of ozone:- relevant equations
- Function in the atmosphere.
- Destruction of the ozone layer:- chemicals responsible for this to be named but reactions not required.
- Hydrogen Peroxide
- Physical properties
- Chemical properties
- Uses of hydrogen peroxide
- Structure of hydrogen peroxide
- Hydrogen Peroxide
- Preparation from Peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide
- Oxidising Properties
Hydrogen peroxide
- Reaction with Ki, Pbs, Acidified Feso4,
Hydrogen peroxide
- Reducing Properties
reaction with acidified KMnO4 and chlorine
- Preparation from Peroxide
- Structure of Hydrogen Peroxide
- Hydrochloric Acid
- Hydrochloric Acid
- Importance of Hydrochloric Acid
- Lab preparation, its acidic nature, reaction with ammonia, carbonates and sulphites, formation of aqua regia and its uses
Hydrochloric Acid
CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 10: Chemistry of Transition and Inner-Transition Elements: d-Block: 3d, 4d and 5d series f-Block: 4f and 5f series
- Chemistry of Transition and Inner-transition Elements: D-block: 3d, 4d and 5d Series
- D-block: 3d, 4d and 5d Series
- Chemistry of Transition and Inner-transition Elements: F-block: 4f and 5f Series
- F-block: 4f and 5f Series
- General Properties of the Transition Elements (D-block)
- Properties of the first-row transition metals – metallic character
- Atomic and ionic radii
- Metallic character
- Melting and boiling points
- Colour
- Physical Properties
- Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Metals
- Ionisation Enthalpies
- Oxidation States
- Standard electrode potentials
- Trends in the M2+/M Standard Electrode Potentials
- Trends inthe M3+/M2+ Standard Electrode Potentials
- Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States
- Chemical Reactivity and Eθ Values
- Magnetic Properties
- Formation of Coloured Ions
- Formation of Complex Compounds
- Catalytic Properties
- Complex formation
- Formation of Interstitial Compounds
- Alloy Formation
- Oxides and oxoanions of transition metals
- F-block Elements
- The Lanthanoids
Electronic Configurations, Atomic and Ionic Sizes, Oxidation States, General Characteristics, Chemical Reactivity and Lanthanoid Contraction and Its Consequences
- Radioactive Nature
Lanthanoids
- The Actinoids
Electronic Configurations, Ionic Sizes, Oxidation States, General Characteristics and Comparison with Lanthanoids between lanthanoids and actinoids
- Metallurgy of Al, Zn, Fe, Cu and Ag in Terms of Equations
- Compounds Agno3, Kmno4
Actinoids
- The Lanthanoids
- Shielding Effect
- Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy
- Aluminium - Hall-Heroult process
- Copper from Low Grade Ores and Scraps
- Electrolytic Refining and Uses
- Silver Nitrate: Equation of Preparation
- Use in Laboratory and in Photography
Silver nitrate
- Potassium Permanganate
- Structure and Shape
Potassium permanganate
- Equation of Extraction from Pyrolusite Ore
Potassium permanganate
- Oxidising Nature in Acidic, Basic and Neutral Medium
Potassium permanganate
- Use in Redox Titration
Potassium permanganate
- Potassium Dichromate
- Equation of Extraction from Chromite Ore
Potassium dichromate
- Structure and Shape of Molecule and Its Use in Titration
Potassium dichromate
- Occurrence of Metals
- Occurrence of metals
- Minerals and ores
CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 11: Alkyl and Aryl Halides
11.1 Organometallic compounds
- Organo Metallic Compounds
- Preparation
- Uses of Grignard reagent
- Organometallic Compounds Including Grignard’S Reagent
- Preparation and Uses
organometallic-compounds
- Wilkinson’s and Ziegler-natta Catalyst
11.2 The nomenclature of aliphatic compounds containing halogen atom
- The Nomenclature of Aliphatic Compounds Containing Halogen Atom
- Naming the Halogen Derivatives of Alkanes by Using Common System
- IUPAC System for Mono, Di and Tri-halo Derivatives
11.3 Preparation, properties, uses of haloalkanes
- Haloalkanes
- Preparation of Haloalkanes from - Alkane and Halogen
- Preparation of Haloalkanes from - Alkene and Hydrohalide
- Preparation of Haloalkanes from - Alcohol
PCl3, PCl5 and SOCl2
- General properties of Haloalkanes
Combustibility, Nucleophilic substitution reactions
- Reaction of Haloalkanes with - sodium nitrite
- Reaction of Haloalkanes with - Silver Nitrite
- Reaction of Haloalkanes with - Aq. Sodium Hydroxide
- Reaction of Haloalkanes with - Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide
- Uses of Halogen Derivatives of Alkanes in Day to Day Life and in Industry May Be Discussed
11.4 Chlorobenzene
- Chlorobenzene
- Preparation from Aniline
Chlorobenzene
- Physical Properties and Chemical Properties
Chlorobenzene
- Nucleophilic Substitution
Chlorobenzene
- Replacement of Chlorine with -oh, -nh2
- Reduction to Benzene
Chlorobenzene
- Wurtz-fittig Reaction
- Fittig Reaction
- Addition Reaction with Magnesium
formation of Grignard reagent
- Preparation from Aniline
- Phenols
- Electrophillic Substitution Reactions
- Polyhalogen Compounds
- Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride)
- Trichloromethane (Chloroform)
- Triiodomethane (Iodoform)
- Tetrachloromethane (Carbon tetrachloride)
- Freons
- p,p’-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
- Environmental effects of polyhalogen compounds
11.5 Preparation, properties, and uses of the following
- Preparation, Properties, and Uses of the Following: Ethyl Bromide, Chloroform, Iodoform, Haloform Reaction
- Haloform Reaction for the Preparation of Chloroform and Iodoform from Alcohol Should Be Discussed
CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 12: Alcohols and Phenols
12.1 Methods of preparation, manufacture, properties and use
- Alcohol
- Methods of Preparation
Alcohols
- Mechanism of Dehydration of Alcohols
- Uses of Alcohols
- Uses of methyl alcohol
- Uses of ethyl alcohol
- Methods of Preparation
- Methods of Preparation and Manufacture of Alcohol
- Methods of Preparation of Alcohol from Hydration of Alkenes
- Methods of Preparation of Alcohol from Direct Hydration, Hydroboration Oxidation
- Methods of Preparation of Alcohol from Grignard’S Reagent
- Methods of Preparation of Alcohol from Hydrolysis of Alkyl Halides
- Methods of Preparation of Alcohol from Reduction of Carboxylic Acids
- Manufacture of Methanol by Bosch Process and Ethanol by Fermentation of Carbohydrates
- Acidity of Alcohols: Reaction with Sodium
- Esterification with Mechanism
- Reaction with Hydrogen Halides
property of alcohol
- Alcohol Reaction with Pcl5, Pcl3 and Socl2
- Alcohol Reaction with Acid Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides
- Oxidation of Alcohol
12.2 Preparation, properties and uses of ethane-1, 2 diol, propane-1, 2, 3 triol
- Preparation, Properties and Uses of Ethane-1, 2 Diol
- Ethane-1, 2-diol
- Ethane-1, 2-diol Preparation from Ethene
- Physical Properties, Chemical Properties
Ethane-1, 2-diol
- Oxidation to Oxalic Acid and Reaction with Hcl
- Preparation, Properties and Uses of Propane-1, 2, 3 Triol
- Propane – 1, 2, 3-triol
- Preparation from Soap: Saponification
Propane – 1, 2, 3-triol
- Physical Properties
Propane – 1, 2, 3-triol
- Oxidation with Kmno4 and Reaction with Oxalic Acid
Propane – 1, 2, 3-triol
- Chemical Properties
- Laboratory test of haloalkanes
- Nucleophilic substitution reactions of haloalkanes
- Mechanism of SN reaction
- Factors influencing SN1 and SN2 mechanism
- Elimination reaction : Dehydrohalogenation
12.3 Distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols
- Alcohol
- Distinction Through Oxidation, Dehydration and Luca's Test
- Phenols
- Phenols
- Preparation of Phenol from Diazonium Salt
- Preparation of Phenol from Chlorobenzene (Dow’S Process)
- Preparation of Phenol from Benzene Sulphonic Acid
- Manufacture of Phenol from Cumene
- Physical and Chemical Properties
Phenols
- Acidic Character of Phenol
- Phenol Reaction with Sodium Hydroxide
- Phenol Reaction with Sodium
- Phenol Reaction with Zinc
Reaction with zinc
- Phenol Reaction with Acetyl Chloride and Acetic Anhydride
- Phenol Reaction with Phosphorus Penta Chloride
- Bromination, Nitration and Sulphonation (Electrophilic Substitution Reactions)
- Reimer
Phenol
- Tiemann Reaction Test for Phenol
- Fecl3 Test, Azo Dye Test
- Chemical Properties of Phenol
- Chemical Properties of Phenol
- Reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond: Reaction with metals, Esterification, Acetylation
- Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions of phenol
(i) Nitration
(ii) Halogenation (bromination) - Kolbe's reaction
- Reimer-Tiemann reaction
- Reaction of phenol with zinc dust
- Catalytic hydrogenation
- Oxidation reaction
- Distinguishing test between alcohols and phenols
- Differentiation between alcohols and phenols
12.4 Classification, general formulae, structure and nomenclature
- Alcohol
- Classification into Monohydric, Dihydric and Polyhydric Alcohols
- Structure of Alcohols
- Distinction Between Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols
- Physical and Chemical Properties
alcohol
- Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Nomenclature
12.5 Conversion of one alcohol into another
- Alcohol
- Conversion of One Alcohol into Another
CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 13: Ethers, Carbonyl Compounds
13.1 Carbonyl compounds
- Introduction of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
- By oxidation of alcohols
- By dehydrogenation of alcohols
- From hydrocarbons
(i) By ozonolysis of alkenes
(ii) By hydration of alkynes
- Aldehydes and Ketones
- Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohol
- Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alkenes (Ozonolysis)
- Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alkynes (Hydration)
- Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Calcium Salt of Carboxylic Acids
- Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Nitriles (Stephen Reaction, Grignard’s Reagent)
- Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Esters
- Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones From acid chlorides
Rosenmund’s reduction, reaction with dialkyl cadmium
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
- Mechanism of nucleophilic addition reactions
- Reactivity
- Some important examples of nucleophilic addition and nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions
(a) Addition of hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
(b) Addition of sodium hydrogensulphite
(c) Addition of Grignard reagents
(d) Addition of alcohols
(e) Addition of ammonia and its derivatives
- Reactions with Ammonia, Hydroxylamine, Hydrazine and Phenyl Hydrazine
aldehydes and ketones
- Oxidation Reactions
aldehydes and ketones
- Reduction to Alcohol and Alkanes
Clemmensen’s reduction and Wolff-Kishner reduction, Red phosphorus and HI.
- Base Catalysed Reactions
Aldol, cross Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro’s reaction
- Iodoform Reaction
- Difference Between Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde
- Difference Between Aldehydes and Ketones
- Lab Preparation from Toluene, Oxidation by Chromyl Chloride
- Physical Properties of Benzaldehyde
- Chemical Properties of Benzaldehyde
- Oxidation and Reduction of Benzaldehyde
- Nucleophilic Addition Reaction
hydrogen cyanide and sodium bisulphite
- Benzaldehyde Reactions with Ammonia and Its Derivatives
hydroxyl amine, hydrazine and phenyl hydrazine
- Benzaldehyde Reaction with Phosphorus Pentachloride
- Cannizzaro Reaction
- Benzoin Condensation
- Distinction Between Aromatic and Aliphatic Aldehydes
- Uses of Benzaldehyde
- Perkin’s Reaction
- Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Phenols
- Bromination, Nitration and Sulphonation (Electrophilic Substitution Reactions)
- Physical Properties – State and Boiling Point
13.2 Ethers
- General Formula and Structure
Ether
- Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Nomenclature
- Ethers
- Preparation of Ethers
- From alcohols by dehydration (continuous etherification process)
- From alkyl halides (Williamson synthesis)
- Physical and Chemical Properties of ether
- Uses of Ethers
- Structure of Ethereal Group
ether
- Preparation from alcohol (Williamson’s synthesis)
ether
- Reaction with Chlorine
- Oxidation (Peroxide Formation)
ether
- Ether Reaction with HI
- Ether Reaction with Pcl5
- Preparation of Ethers
CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 14: Carboxylic acids and Acid Derivatives
14.1 Carboxylic acids
- Introduction of Carboxylic Acids
- Classification of mono and di carboxylic acids with examples.
- Acids
- Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
- Oxidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes
- Oxidation of alkyl benzene
- From nitriles and amides (hydrolysis)
- From aryl amines and alkyl halides
- Carboxylation of Grignard reagent
- Hydrolysis of acyl chloride and acid anhydride
- Hydrolysis of esters
- Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
- Preparation of Carboxylic Acids from Nitriles
- Preparation of Carboxylic Acids from Grignard’S Reagent
- Acidic Character: Reaction with Active Metals, Alkalies, Carbonates and Bicarbonates
- Decarboxylation
chemical and Kolbe’s electrolytic reaction
- HVZ Reactions
- Tests for Acids: Formic Acid and Acetic Acid
- Uses of formic acid and acetic acid
- Decarboxylation
chemical and Kolbe’s electrolytic reaction
- Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
- Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- Classification of Mono and Di Carboxylic Acids with Examples
- Preparation of Carboxylic Acids from Alcohols, Aldehydes
- Acid Derivatives
- Formation of Acid Derivatives
- Oxalic Acid
- Oxalic Acid: Preparation from Glycol and Sodium Formate
- Oxalic Acid Reaction with Alkali
- Esterification Reaction
Oxalic acid
- Oxalic Acid Reaction with Pcl5
- Action of Heat on Oxalic Acid
- Oxidation by Potassium Permanganate
- Chemical Properties Oxalic Acid
- Physical Properties Oxalic Acid
- Test for Oxalic Acid
- Uses of Oxalic Acid
- Substitution of Benzene Ring (Meta Directive Effect of Carboxylic Acid Group) Nitration and Sulphonation
- Benzoic Acid
- Benzoic acid Preparation from benzaldehyde and Toluene
- Physical Properties of Benzoic Acid
- Chemical Properties of Benzoic Acid
- Benzoic Acid Reaction with Sodium Hydroxide, Sodium Carbonate
- Benzoic Acid Reaction with Phosphorus Pentachloride
- Test for Benzoic Acid
- Uses of Benzoic Acid
- Esterification reaction
Benzoic acid
14.2 Acid derivatives
- Acid Derivatives
- Formation of Acid Derivatives
- Laboratory Preparation of Acid Derivatives
- Properties and Uses of
Acetyl Chloride, acetic anhydride, acetamide, ethylacetate
- Urea Preparation (By Wohler'S Synthesis)
- Properties and Uses of Urea
- Manufacture of Urea from Ammonia and by Cyanamide Process
- Acid Derivatives:General and Structural Formula
- Acid Derivatives: IUPAC Nomenclature
- Laboratory Preparation and Uses of
Acetyl chloride, acetic anhydride, ethyl acetate, acetamide, urea (Wohler’s synthesis)
- Manufacture of Urea from Ammonia and by Cyanamide Process
- Acetyl Chloride Hydrolysis
- Acetylation of Alcohol, Ammonia and Amines
- Rosenmund’s Reduction
- Formation of Acetic Anhydride
- Reaction with Grignard Reagent
- Acetic Anhydride - Hydrolysis
- Acetylation of Ethanol and Aniline
- Acetic Anhydride - Reaction with PCl5
- Acetamide - Acid Hydrolysis
- Acetic Anhydride - Reaction with Alkalies
- Hoffmann’s Degradation
- Acetamide Reaction with Nitrous Acid
- Acetamide Dehydration
- Acetamide Reduction
- Amphoteric Nature (Reaction with Hcl and Reaction with Hgo)
- Ethyl Acetate - Acid Hydrolysis
- Ethyl Acetate - Saponification
- Ethyl Acetate Reaction with Ammonia
- Ethyl Acetate Reaction with Phosphorus Penta Chloride
- Ethyl Acetate Reduction
- Urea - Hydrolysis
- Urea -biuret Reaction (Test)
- Reaction with Hot Sodium Hydroxide (Formation of Ammonia and Carbon Dioxide).
- Salt Formation with Nitric Acid
- Aldehydes and Ketones
- Preparation of Aldehydes
- From acyl chloride (acid chloride)
- From nitriles and esters
- From hydrocarbons
(i) By oxidation of methylbenzene
(a) Use of chromyl chloride (CrO2Cl2)
(b) Use of chromic oxide (CrO3)
(ii) By side chain chlorination followed by hydrolysis
(iii) By Gatterman – Koch reaction
- Preparation of Aldehydes
CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 15: Cyanides, Isocyanides, Nitro compounds, Amines and Diazonium Salt
- Cyanides, Isocyanides and Nitro Compounds
- Cyanides
- Methods of Preparation: Cyanides from Alkyl Halide
- Methods of Preparation Cyanide - from Amide
- Isocyanides
- Methods of Preparation Isocyanides from Alkyl Halide
- Methods of preparation From primary amines
- Nitro Compounds
- Methods of Preparation Nitro Compounds from Alkyl Halide
- Methods of Preparation Nitro Compounds from Primary Amines
- Physical Properties Nitro Compounds
- Chemical properties Nitro compounds
- Nitro Compounds - Reduction in Acidic and Neutral Medium
- Cyanides and Isocyanides
- Cyanides and Isocyanides - Hydrolysis
- Cyanides and Isocyanides - Reduction
- Cyanides and Isocyanides Uses
- Nitrobenzene Method of Preparation
by nitration of benzene with a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulphuric acids
- Nitrobenzene
- Physical Properties of Nitrobenzene
- Chemical Properties of Nitrobenzen
- Electrophilic Substitution (Chlorination and Nitration)
- Meta Substitution
- Uses of Nitrobenzene
- Introduction of Amines
- Amines
- Nomenclature of Animes
- Method of Preparation Amines from Alcohol
- Preparation of Amines
- From alkyl halides (by ammonolysis/Hoffmann's ammonolysis method)
- Gabriel phthalimide synthesis
- From alkyl cyanides, amides, and nitro compounds
- From amides (By Hoffmann bromamide degradation)
- Additional methods for the preparation of amines
- Method of Preparation Amines from Cynides
- Method of Preparation Amines from amides
Hofmann degradation
- Method of Preparation Amines from Nitro - Compounds
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Basic Character of Amines
- Structure-basicity relationship of amines
(a) Alkanamines versus ammonia
(b) Arylamines versus ammonia
- Structure-basicity relationship of amines
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Alkylation and Acylation
- Alkylation of amines (Hoffmann's exhaustive alkylation)
- Hoffmann elimination
- Benzoylation
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Reaction with Nitrous Acid
- Distinction Between Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Amines
Hinsberg’s Test
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Carbylamine Reaction
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Electrophilic Substitution
- Bromination
- Nitration
- Sulphonation
- Classification of Amines
- Classification of amines
- Aliphatic amines
- Aromatic amines
- Physical Properties of Amines
- Aniline
- Aniline
- Aniline Method of Preparation
by the reduction of nitrobenzene
- Physical Properties Anilines
- Chemical Properties Anilines
- Acetylation, Alkylation
aniline
- Diazotisation
aniline
- Test for Aniline
- Uses of Aniline
- Importance in Synthesis of Other Organic Compounds
- Sandmeyer’s Reaction
- Gattermann Reaction and Balz – Scheimann Reaction
- Anline Reaction with HCl and H2so4
- Benzoylation
- Introduction of Diazonium Salts
- Introduction
- Resonance structure
- Method of preparation of Diazonium salts
- Physical properties
- Chemical reactions
- Replacement reactions involving loss of nitrogen
- Reactions involving retention of diazo group
- Diazonium Salts
- Method of Preparation of Diazonium Salts
- Preparation of diazonium salts by reaction of Aniline and nitrous acid
- Method of Preparation of Diazonium Salts
- Properties of Diazonium Salts
- Sandmeyer’s reaction, Gattermann reaction and replacement of diazo group by – H, -OH, -NO2, coupling reaction with phenol and aniline.
CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 16: Polymers
- Introduction to Polymers
- Polymerisation
- The Principle of Addition and Condensation Polymerisation
illustrated by reference to natural and synthetic polymers e.g. proteins, polyolefins and synthetic fibres
- Thermoplastics
- Thermosetting Plastics
- Chemotrophs
- Physical Properties of Polymers
- Polythene
- Polypropene
- PVC
Polymers
- PTFE
Polymers
- Polystyrene
- Nylon 66
- Nylon 6
- Uses of Polymer
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Rubber
- Natural rubber (Vulcanisation of rubber),
- Synthetic rubbers
- Buna-S rubber
- Buna-N rubber or nitrile rubber
- Neoprene rubber
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Condensation Polymerisation Or Step Growth Polymerisation
- Condensation Polymerisation or Step Growth Polymerisation
- Some Important Condensation Polymers
(a) Polyamides: Nylons
(i) Nylon 6, 6
(ii) Nylon 6
(b) Polyesters
(c) Phenol - formaldehyde polymer (Bakelite and related polymers)
(d) Melamine - formaldehyde polymer
CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 17: Biomolecules – carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, vitamins and nucleic acids
- Introduction of Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates classification
mono (aldose, ketose), oligo (di, tri, tetra saccharides) and poly saccharides – examples: reducing sugars and non reducing sugars – examples and uses
- D-L configuration
- Heating with HI, reaction with hydroxylamine, bromine water, acetic anhydride, nitric acid. Test for glucose and fructose (bromine water test with equation).
- Carbohydrates
- Structures of Glucose
- Structures of glucose
- Open chain structure of glucose
- Cyclic structure of glucose
- Haworth projection formulae
- Structures of Glucose
- Introduction of Proteins
- Amino Acids
- Proteins
- General Structure Amino Acid
- Classification and Zwitter Ion Formation
- Isoelectric Point
- Classification of Proteins on the Basis of Molecular Shape
- Denaturation of Proteins
- Primary and Secondary Structures of Proteins
- Mechanism of Enzymatic Action
- Biomolecules in the Cell
- Enzymes
- Enzymes
- Properties of Enzymes
- Enzymes
- Introduction of Vitamins
- Classification and functions of vitamins
- Vitamins
- Vitamin Deficiency Diseases
- Introduction of Nucleic Acids
- Structure of DNA
- Structure of RNA
- Differences between DNA and RNA
- Nucleic Acids
- basic unit – purine and pyrimidine
CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 18: Chemistry in Everyday Life
- Chemicals in Medicines
Chemicals in medicines - analgesics, tranquilizers antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.
In medicine: antipyretics, analgesics, tranquillisers, antiseptics, disinfectants, anti-microbials, anti-fertility drugs, antihistamines, antibiotics, antacids.
Definition, common examples, uses.
Differences between antiseptics and disinfectants.
- Chemicals in Food
Chemicals in food - preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.
Preservatives: role, example (Sodium benzoate).
Artificial sweetening agents: role, examples (aspartame, saccharine, sucralose and alitame). Soaps and detergents - Classification and their
cleansing action - Soaps and Detergents
Soaps and detergents - classification, structure and some important examples.
Advantage of detergents over soaps; classification of detergents into
anionic/biodegradable, cationic/non- biodegradable and non-ionic - Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Antimicrobials
- Antibiotics
- Antiseptics and disinfectants
CISCE ISC Class 12 Chemistry (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 19: Surface Chemistry
- Difference Between Absorption and Adsorption
- Definition of physisorption and chemisorption and their differences.
- Factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids.
- Factors Affecting Adsorption of Gases on Solids
- Factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids
- Nature of the gas (adsorbate)
- Nature of adsorbent
- Surface area of the adsorbent
- Temperature of the surface
- Pressure of gas
- Colloidal State
- Thomas Graham classified the substances as crystalloid and colloid
- Classification of substances on the basis of the particle size i.e. true solution, sol and suspension
- Colloidal system is heterogeneous. lyophilic and lyophobic colloid
- Classification of colloidal solutions as micro, macro and associated colloids
- Properties of Colloidal Solutions
- Colligative properties
- Tyndall effect
- Colour
- Brownian movement
- Charge on colloidal particles
- Electrophoresis
- Coagulation of lyophilic sols
- Coagulation or precipitation
- Methods to effect coagulation
- Methods to prevent coagulation of colloids (Protection of colloids)
- Various Application of Colloids
