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Syllabus

Physics (Theory) ISC (Science) ISC Class 12 CISCE Syllabus 2025-26

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CISCE ISC Class 12 Physics (Theory) Syllabus - Free PDF Download

CISCE Syllabus 2025-26 ISC Class 12: The CISCE ISC Class 12 Physics (Theory) Syllabus for the examination year 2025-26 has been released by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, CISCE. The board will hold the final examination at the end of the year following the annual assessment scheme, which has led to the release of the syllabus. The 2025-26 CISCE ISC Class 12 Physics (Theory) Board Exam will entirely be based on the most recent syllabus. Therefore, students must thoroughly understand the new CISCE syllabus to prepare for their annual exam properly.

The detailed CISCE ISC Class 12 Physics (Theory) Syllabus for 2025-26 is below.

Academic year:

CISCE ISC Class 12 Physics (Theory) Revised Syllabus

CISCE ISC Class 12 Physics (Theory) and their Unit wise marks distribution

CISCE ISC Class 12 Physics (Theory) Course Structure 2025-26 With Marking Scheme

#Unit/TopicWeightage
I  Electrostatics 
1.1  Electric Charges and Fields 
1.2  Electrostatic Potential, Potential Energy and Capacitance 
II  Current Electricity 
III  Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 
3.1  Moving Charges and Magnetism 
3.2  Magnetism and Matter 
IV  Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents 
4.1  Electromagnetic Induction 
4.2  Alternating Current 
V  Electromagnetic Waves 
VI  Optics 
6.1  Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 
6.2  Wave Optics 
VII  Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 
VIII  Atoms and Nuclei 
8.1  Atoms 
8.2  Nuclei 
IX  Electronic Devices 
X  Communication Systems 
 Total -
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Syllabus

CISCE ISC Class 12 Physics (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 1: Electrostatics

1.1 Electric Charges and Fields
  • Electric Charges  
    • Point charge
    • Test charge
  • Basic Properties of Electric Charge  
    • Additive Nature of Charge
    • Quantization of Charge
    • Conservation of Charge
    • Forces between Charges
  • Quantisation of Charge  
  • Coulomb’s Law - Force Between Two Point Charges  
    • Scalar form of Coulomb’s Law
    • Relative Permittivity or Dielectric Constant
    • Definition of Unit Charge from the Coulomb’s Law
    • Coulomb’s Law in Vector Form
  • Force Between Two Point Charges  
  • Superposition Principle - Forces Between Multiple Charges  
    • Superposition principle
    • Forces between multiple charges
  • Superposition Principle of Forces  
  • Electric Field  
    • Introduction of Electric Field  
  • Electric Field Due to a Point Charge  
  • Electric Field Lines  
  • Electric Dipole  
    • The field of an electric dipole
    • The physical significance of dipoles
    • Couple Acting on an Electric Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field
    • Electric Intensity at a Point due to an Electric Dipole
    • Electric dipole moment (p)
    • Electric field intensity·due to an electric dipole at a point on its axial line
    • Electric field intensity due to an electric dipole at a point on the equatorial line
    • Electric field intensity at a general point due to short electric dipole
  • Dipole in a Uniform External Field  
    • Torque on a Dipole in Uniform Electric Fleld
    • Work of an electric dipole
  • Electric Flux  
    • Electric Flux
    • Tube of force
    • Tube of induction
    • Normal Electric Induction (NEI)
    • Total Normal Electric Induction (TNEI)
  • Uniformly Charged Infinite Plane Sheet and Uniformly Charged Thin Spherical Shell (Field Inside and Outside)  
  • Applications of Gauss’s Law  
    • Statement of Gauss'S Theorem and Its Applications to Find Field Due to Infinitely Long Straight Wire
    • Field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire
    • Field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
    • Field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell - Field outside the shell, Field inside the shell
1.2 Electrostatic Potential, Potential Energy and Capacitance

CISCE ISC Class 12 Physics (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 2: Current Electricity

  • Electric Current  
    • Ampere: Pioneer of Electric Current Measurement
    • Electric Current
  • Flow of Electric Charges in a Metallic Conductor  
  • Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity  
    • Drift velocity
    • Relaxation time
    • Mobility of electron
    • Relation of drift velocity with current
  • Ohm's Law (V = IR)  
    • Introduction
    • Limitations and Applications
  • V-I Characteristics (Linear and Non-linear)  
  • Electrical Power  
    • Electric power
    • Power-voltage rating
    • Power of electrical appliances connected in parallel
    • Power of electrical appliances connected in series
    • Power in mixed combination of cells
    • Practical units of electric energy in terms of power
    • Units of electrical power
  • Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity  
    • Electrical resistivity (specific resistance)
    • Conductivity
  • Resistivity of Various Materials  
    • Carbon resistors
    • Colour code for carbon resistors
  • Combination of Resistors - Series and Parallel  
  • Temperature Dependence of Resistance  
    • Temperature dependence of resistance
  • Cells, Emf, Internal Resistance  
    • E.M.F. and Internal Resistance of Cell
  • Potential Difference and Emf of a Cell  
  • Combination of Cells in Series and in Parallel  
    • Combination of cells in series and parallel
      1) Series combination of cells
      ⇒ Cells of different e.m.f's and internal resistances connected in series
      ⇒ For n identical cells in series (Assisting mode)
      2) Parallel combination of cells
      ⇒ For n identical parallel cells
      3) Mixed combination of cells
  • Kirchhoff’s Rules  
    • Kirchhoff's law
    • Kirchhoff's first law or Kirchhoff's current law (KCL)
    • Kirchhofrs second law or Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL)
    • Applications of Kirchhoff's law
    • Wheatstone’s bridge
    • Meter bridge
    • Potentiometer
    • Comparison of emf of two cells with a potentiometer
    • Measurement of internal resistance of a cell by potentiometer
  • Wheatstone Bridge  
    • Wheatstone bridge
    • Balanced bridge
    • Unbalanced bridge
    • Different Measuring Instruments
  • Metre Bridge  
    • Metre bridge or slide-wire bridge
    • Applications of metre bridge
    • Measurement of unknown resistance (S)
    • Comparison of two unknown resistances
    • Measurement of unknown temperature
    • Measurement of unknown resistance of a galvanometer (Kelvin's method)
  • Potentiometer  
    • Potentiometer Principle
    • Applications to measure potential difference
    1. To Compare emf. of Cells
    2. To Find Internal Resistance (r) of a Cell
    3. Application of potentiometer
    1. Voltage Divider
    2. Audio Control
    3. Potentiometer as a senor
    • Advantages of a Potentiometer Over a Voltmeter
    1. Merits
    2. Demerits
  • Conductivity and Conductance;  

CISCE ISC Class 12 Physics (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 3: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

3.1 Moving Charges and Magnetism
3.2 Magnetism and Matter

CISCE ISC Class 12 Physics (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 4: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

4.1 Electromagnetic Induction
4.2 Alternating Current

CISCE ISC Class 12 Physics (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 5: Electromagnetic Waves

  • Displacement Current  
    • Need for displacement current
    • Ampere-Maxwell's circuital law
    • Displacement current
    • Conduction current
    • Origin of electromagnetic waves
    • Maxwell's equations
      1) Gauss' law in electrostatics
      2) Gauss' law in magnetism
      3) Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction
      4) Ampere - Maxwell's law
  • Electromagnetic Waves  
    • Sources of electromagnetic waves: Hertz's experiment
    • Nature of electromagnetic waves
    • Speed of electromagnetic waves
    • Production and properties of electromagnetic waves
    • Electromagnetic Waves and Their Characteristics
      1) Energy density
      2) Poynting vector
      3) Momentum
  • Transverse Nature of Electromagnetic Waves  
  • Electromagnetic Spectrum  
    • Electromagnetic spectrum (Discovered by, Wavelength range, Production, Detection, Characteristics, applications
    1. Gamma rays (γ-rays)
    2. X-rays
    3. Ultraviolet rays (UV rays)
    4. Visible light
    5. Infrared rays
    6. Microwaves
    7. Radio waves
    • Approximate ranges of wavelength and frequency
    • Properties common to all the electromagnetic waves
  • Elementary Facts About Electromagnetic Wave Uses  

CISCE ISC Class 12 Physics (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 6: Optics

6.1 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
  • Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors  
    • Sign convention
    • Focal length of spherical mirrors
    • The mirror equation
  • Ray Optics - Mirror Formula  
  • Refraction  
  • Total Internal Reflection  
    • Total Internal Reflection
    • Essential conditions for the total internal reflection
    • Total internal reflection in nature - optical fibres
    • Rainbow production
    • Refraction and total internal reflection of light rays at different angles of incidence
    • Consequences of total internal refraction
    • Applications of total internal reflection
  • Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and Lenses  
    • Refraction at Spherical Surfaces  
      • Refraction at spherical surfaces
      1. Refraction from rarer to denser medium
      2. Refraction from denser medium to rarer medium
    • Combination of Thin Lenses in Contact  
      • Equivalent lens (Two thin lenses placed in contact)
      • Combination of a lens and a mirror:
        ⇒ Effect of silvering, one of the refracting surfaces of a lens
      • Defects in lenses
        1) Chromatic aberration
        2) Spherical aberration
        ⇒ Methods to reduce spherical aberrations in lenses
        3) Coma
        4) Curvature
  • Concept of Lenses  
    • Lens and its Types
    • Cross-Sections of Convex and Concave Lenses
  • Thin Lens Formula  
  • Lens Maker's Formula  
  • Magnification  
  • Power of a Lens  
  • Dispersion by a Prism  
  • Some Natural Phenomena Due to Sunlight  
    • Mirage
    • Rainbow
  • Snell’s Law  
  • Optical Instruments  
  • Optical Instruments: Simple Microscope  
    1. Near point focusing
    2. Normal focusing
    3. Resolving power of microscope
    4. Resolving power of telescope
  • Optical Instruments: Compound Microscope  
    1. Magnification in compound microscope
  • Optical Instruments: Telescope  
    1. Astronomical telescope and Magnification in astronomical telescope
    2. Terrestrial telescope
    3. Reflecting telescope
6.2 Wave Optics
  • Huygens' Principle  
    • Wavefront
    • Wave normal
    • Wave surface
    • Huygens' Principle
    • Spherical Wavefront
    • Plane Wavefront
    • Cylindrical wavefront
  • Proof of Laws of Reflection and Refraction Using Huygens' Principle  
    • Proof of laws of reflection by using Huygens' principle
    • Proof of laws of refraction using Huygens' Principle
  • Interference  
  • Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment  
    • Young's Double Slit Experiment and Expression for Fringe Width or Young’s Experiment
    • Young's double-slit experiment: set up, diagram, geometrical deduction of path difference ∆x = dsinθ, between waves from the two slits
    • Using ∆x = nλ for bright fringe and ∆x = (n + ½)λ for dark fringe and sin θ = tan θ = yn/D as y and θ are small, obtain yn = (D/d)nλ and fringe width β = (D/d)λ.
    • Graph of distribution of intensity with angular distance.
  • Coherent and Incoherent Sources and Sustained Interference of Light  
    • Coherent sources
    • Incoherent sources
    • Sustained interference pattern
    • Conditions necessary to obtain sustained (steady) interference pattern
  • Fraunhofer Diffraction Due to a Single Slit  
    • Single slit Fraunhofer diffraction (elementary explanation only)
    • Formulae based comparison between secondary maxima and minima
    • Diffraction at a single slit: experimental setup, diagram, diffraction pattern, obtain an expression for the position of minima, a sinθn = nλ, where n = 1, 2, 3 … and conditions for secondary maxima, asinθn = (n + ½)λ.
    • Distribution of intensity with angular distance
    • Diffraction at plane grating
    • Diffraction due to circular aperture
    • Comparison between interference and diffraction
    • Fresnel distance
  • Width of Central Maximum  
  • Polarisation  
    • Method of producing polarised light
    1. Polarisation by reflection
    2. By Dichroism
    3. By double refraction
    4. Nicol prism
    5. By scattering
    • Uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids
  • Plane Polarised Light  
  • Brewster's Law  
  • Law of Malus  
  • Refraction of Monochromatic Light  

CISCE ISC Class 12 Physics (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 7: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

CISCE ISC Class 12 Physics (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 8: Atoms and Nuclei

8.1 Atoms
  • Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom  
    • Alpha-particle Scattering Experiment and Rutherford's Model of Atom
    • Alpha-particle trajectory
    • Electron orbits
    • Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom (mathematical theory of scattering excluded), based on Geiger - Marsden experiment on α-scattering; nuclear radius r in terms of closest approach of α particle to the nucleus,
      obtained by equating ∆K = ½ mv2 of the α particle to the change in electrostatic potential energy ∆U of the system `"U" = (2e xx "Ze")/(4πε_0r_0) r_0 ∼ 10^(-15) "m" = 1` fermi; atomic structure; only general qualitative ideas, including atomic number Z, Neutron number N and mass number A.
  • Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom  
    • Explanation of the line spectrum of hydrogen using Bohr theory
    • Bohr's theory and atomic spectrum of hydrogen
    • Ionization energy
  • Energy Levels  
  • Hydrogen Spectrum  
8.2 Nuclei
  • Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus  
    • Composition and Size of Nucleus
  • Radioactivity  
    • Introduction of Radioactivity  
    • Alpha Decay  

      Alpha Particles Or Rays and Their Properties

  • Law of Radioactive Decay  
  • Atomic Mass, Mass - Energy Relation and Mass Defect  
    • Atomic Mass
    • Mass-Energy Relation
    • Mass Defect
    • Packing fraction
  • Mass-energy and Nuclear Binding Energy  
    • Nuclear Binding Energy  
      • Binding Energy per Nucleon and Its Variation with Mass Number
  • Nuclear Reactions  
    • Transmutation
    • Induced or artificial radioactivity
    • Nuclear fission
    • Nuclear fusion
    • Theoretical (qualitative) prediction of exothermic (with the release of energy) nuclear reaction, in fusing together two light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus and in splitting heavy nucleus to form middle order (lower mass number) nuclei, is evident from the shape of BE per nucleon versus mass number graph. Also, calculate the disintegration energy Q for a heavy nucleus (A = 240) with BE/A ∼ 7.6 MeV per nucleon split into two equal halves with A = 120 each and BE/A ∼ 8.5 MeV/nucleon; Q ∼ 200 MeV.
  • Nuclear Energy  
  • Mass Defect and Binding Energy  

CISCE ISC Class 12 Physics (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 9: Electronic Devices

  • Concept of Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits  
  • Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits  
  • Energy Bands in Conductors, Semiconductors and Insulators  
    • Elementary ideas about electrical conduction in metals [crystal structure not included]. Energy levels (as for hydrogen atom), 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, etc. of an isolated atom such as that of copper; these split, eventually forming ‘bands’ of energy levels, as we consider solid copper made up of a large number of isolated atoms, brought together to form a lattice; definition of energy bands - groups of closely spaced energy levels separated by band gaps called forbidden bands. 
    • An idealized representation of the energy bands for a conductor, insulator and semiconductor; characteristics, differences; distinction between conductors, insulators and semiconductors on the basis of energy bands, with examples; qualitative discussion only; energy gaps (eV) in typical substances (carbon, Ge, Si); some electrical properties of semiconductors.
  • Intrinsic Semiconductor  
    • Intrinsic Semiconductors
    • Holes in Semiconductors
  • Extrinsic Semiconductor  
    • Doping
    • Types of doping
      1) Pentavalent dopants
      2) Trivalent dopants
    • Extrinsic semiconductors
    • Types of Extrinsic semiconductors
      1) n-type semiconductor
      2) p-type semiconductor
    • The conductivity of semiconductors (σ)
    • Charge neutrality of extrinsic semiconductors
  • Semiconductor Diode  
    • Semiconductor Diode
    • Potential barrier at the junction diode
    • Biasing of the p-n junction diode
      1) Forward biasing
      2) Reverse biasing
    • V-I Characteristics of a p-n junction diode
      1) p-n junction diode under forward bias: Cut-off or knee voltage
      2) p-n junction diode under reverse bias: Breakdown voltage
      3) Reverse Breakdown: Zener breakdown, Avalanche breakdown
    • Dynamic Resistance
  • Diode as a Rectifier  
  • Special Purpose P-n Junction Diodes  
    • Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes: Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
    • characteristics of Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
    • Zener diode
    • Optoelectronic junction devices - Photodiode, Light emitting diode, Solar cell
  • Zener Diode as a Voltage Regulator  
    • Zener diode
    • I-V characteristics of Zener diode
    • Zener diode as voltage regulator
    • Line regulation in Zener diode
    • Load regulation in Zener diode
    • Ratings of a Zener diode
  • Junction Transistor  
    • Transistor: Structure and Action  
      • Types of Transistor
        1) n-p-n transistor
        2) p-n-p transistor
      • Action of n-p-n transistor
      • Action of p-n-p transistor
      • Current in transistor
    • Transistor as an Amplifier (Ce-configuration)  
      • npn Transistor as Common Emitter Amplifier
      • Various gains in amplifiers
      • Comparison between CB, CE and CC amplifier
  • NPN and PNP Transistor  
  • Transistor Action  
  • Transistor and Characteristics of a Transistor  
    • Configurations of a transistor
      i) Common-base configuration (CB)
      ii) Common-emitter configuration (CE)
      iii) Common-collector configuration (CC)
    • Types of characteristic curves
      i) Input characteristics curve
      ii) Output characteristics curve
      iii) Transfer characteristics curve
    • Transistor characteristics in CE configuration
      a) Input Characteristics
      b) Output characteristics of a transistor: Active region, Cut-off region, Saturation region
    • Different modes of operation of a transistor
    • Current-transfer Characteristics
    • Transistor as a switch
  • Digital Electronics and Logic Gates  
    • Logic Gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR)
    • Logic gates - NOT gate, OR Gate, AND Gate, NAND Gate, NOR Gate
    • Basic Idea of Analog and Digital Signals
  • Combination of Gates  
  • Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier  
    • p-n junction Diode as rectifier
    • Half-wave rectifier: Circuit connections, Working, Input/output waveforms, Disadvantages
    • Full-wave rectifier: Circuit connections, Working, Input/output waveforms, Disadvantages
    • Filters: Input/output waveforms, Comparison between half-wave rectifier and full-wave rectifier

CISCE ISC Class 12 Physics (Theory) Syllabus for Chapter 10: Communication Systems

  • Elements of a Communication System  
    • Elements of a Communication System (Block Diagram Only)
    • Introduction and Modes of Communication
      1) Point-to-point communication
      2) Broadcast
  • Bandwidth of Signals  
    • Bandwidth of Signals (Speech, TV and Digital Data)
  • Bandwidth of Transmission Medium  
  • Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves  
    • Earth's atmosphere
    • Importance of radio waves in communication
    • Space communication
    • Ground wave propagation
    • Sky wave propagation
    • Space wave propagation
    • Line of Sight Communication
  • Modulation and Its Necessity  
    • Carrier waves and their types: Sinusoidal signal and Pulse shaped signal
    • Modulation
    • Types of Modulation - frequency and amplitude
    • Base Band Signals
    • Factors affecting transmission of electronic signal in the audio frequency range
    • Size of the antenna or aerial: Hertz and Marconi antenna
    • Effective power radiated by an antenna
    • Mixing up of signals from different transmitters
  • Need for Modulation and Demodulation  
  • Advantages of Frequency Modulation Over Amplitude Modulation  
  • Elementary Ideas About Internet  
  • Elementary Ideas About Mobile Network  
  • Elementary ideas about global positioning system (GPS)  
  • Amplitude Modulation (AM)  
    • Amplitude Modulation (AM)
    • Production of amplitude modulated wave
    • Detection of amplitude modulated wave
    • Modulation index or modulation factor in amplitude modulation
    • Power and current relations in amplitude modulation wave
    • Applications of amplitude modulation
    • Drawbacks in amplitude modulation

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