Topics
Heredity and Evolution
- Heredity or Inheritance
- Protein Synthesis
- Transcription
- Translation
- Translocation
- Concept of Mutation
- Mutation Theory
- Evolution and Classiffication
- Evidences for Biological Evolution
- Darwinism
- Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
- Speciation
- Human Evolution
Life Processes in Living Organisms Part -1
- Living Organisms and Life Processes
- Living Organisms and Energy Production
- Production of ATP
- Types of Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
- Energy From Different Food Components
- Cell Division: an Essential Life Process
- Mitosis and Its Phases
- Phases of Mitosis: Karyokinesis (Division of Nucleus)
- Phases of Mitosis: Cytokinesis (Division of Cytoplasm)
- Significance of Mitosis
- Meiosis as a Reduction Division
- Stages of Meiosis: Meiosis I
- Stages of Meiosis: Meiosis II
- Significance of Meiosis
- Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis
Life Processes in Living Organisms Part - 2
- Introduction to Life Processes in Living Organisms
- Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction in Animal
- Fission
- Fragmentation
- Regeneration
- Budding
- Sporulation (Sporogenesis)
- Asexual Reproduction in Plant
- Budding
- Vegetative Reproduction
- Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Sexual Reproduction in Animals
- Human Reproduction
- The Male Reproductive System
- The Female Reproductive System
- Gametogenesis
- Fertilization in Human
- Embryonic Development in Human
- Implantation in Human
- Pregnancy in Humans
- Placenta (Growth) in Human
- Parturition (Birth) in Human
- Menstrual Cycle (Ovarian Cycle)
- Reproduction and Modern Technology
- Reproductive Health
Environmental Management
- Our Needs and the Environment
- Ecosystem
- Relationship Between Environment and Ecosystem
- Environmental Balance
- Environmental Conservation
- Environmental Conservation and Biodiversity
- Classification of Threatened Species
Towards Green Energy
- Energy and Use of Energy
- Generation of Electrical Energy
- Power Plants Based on Thermal Energy
- Power Plants Based on Nuclear Energy
- Power Plants Based on Natural Gas
- Electric Energy Generation and Environment
- Electricity Generation using Hydroelectric Energy
- Electricity Generation using Wind Energy
- Electricity Generation using Solar Energy
Animal Classification
- Biological Classification
- Classification of Living Organisms
- History of Animal Classification
- Traditional Method of Animal Classification
- Conventional System of Animal Classification
- Criteria for New System of Classification
- Phylum: Porifera
- Phylum: Cnidaria/Coelenterata
- Phylum: Platyhelminthes
- Phylum: Aschelminthes
- Phylum: Annelida
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Phylum: Mollusca
- Phylum: Echinodermata
- Phylum: Hemichordata
- Phylum: Chordata
- Subphylum: Urochordata
- Subphylum: Cephalochordata
- Subphylum -Vertebrata/Craniata
- Class: Cyclostomata
- Class: Pisces
- Class: Amphibia
- Class: Reptilia
- Class: Aves
- Class: Mammalia
Introduction to Microbiology
- Microorganisms (Microbes) and Microbiology
- Introduction to Applied and Industrial Microbiology
- Microbial Role in Dairy Products
- Probiotics
- Yeast and Microbes in Bread Making
- Vinegar Production
- Microbial Enzymes
- Antibiotics
- Microbes and Fuels
- Bio-fuel
- Microbial Pollution Control
- Microbes and Farming
Cell Biology and Biotechnology
- Cell Biology (Cytology)
- Stem Cells
- Organ Transplantation
- Organ and Body Donation
- Biotechnology
- Commercial Applications of Biotechnology
- Modern Agricultural Practices and Crop Improvement
- Important Stages in Agricultural Development
- Stem Cell Research
- Crop Biotechnology
- Hybrid Seeds
- Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
- Biofertilizers
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock)
- Human Health
- Vaccines and Vaccination
- Edible Vaccines
- Treatment
- Interferons
- Gene Therapy
- Cloning
- Industrial Products/White Biotechnology
- Environment and Biotechnology
- Food Biotechnology
- DNA Fingerprinting Technique
- Green Revolution
- White Revolution
- Blue Revolution
- Fertilizers
- Insecticides
- Organic farming
- Apiculture (Bee Farming)
- Cultivation of Medicinal Plants
- Processing and Preservation of Fruits
Social Health
- Introduction to Social Health
- Factors Disturbing the Social Health
- Communication Media and Excessive Use of Modern Technology
- Concept of Cyber Crime
- Stress Management
Disaster Management
- Disaster
- Effects of Disaster
- Nature and Scope of Disaster
- Disaster Management
- Classification of Disaster Management
- Disaster Management Cycle
- Structure of Disaster Management Authority
- First Aid and Emergency Action
- Mock Drill
Life's Internal Secrets
The Regulators of Life
- Coordination in Plants - Introduction
- Control and Co-ordination in Plants
- Human Nervous System
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Chemical Control
The Life Cycle
Mapping Our Genes
Striving for Better Environment 2
- Use of Efficient and Eco-friendly Technology
- Sustainable Use of Resources
- Enforcement of Acts, Laws and Policies
Understanding Metals and Non-Metals
Amazing World of Carbon Compounds
Notes
Fragmentation:
In fragmentation, the parent body breaks into fragments (pieces) and each of the fragment has the potential to develop into a new individual. Fragmentation or pedal laceration occurs in many genera of sea anemones. Lobes are constricted off from the pedal disc and each of the lobe grows mesenteries and tentacles to form a new sea anemone. Example - Spirogyra, Taenia solium, Hydra, etc.
In the tapeworm, Taenia solium the gravid (ripe) proglottids are the oldest at the posterior end of the strobila. The gravid proglottids are regularly cut off either singly or in groups from the posterior end by a process called apolysis. This is very significant since it helps in transferring the developed embryos from the primary host (man) to find a secondary host (pig).
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Apolysis in Taenia solium |
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