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Question
Explain why dilute hydrochloric acid cannot be concentrated by boiling beyond 22.2%.
Solution
A weak aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid is gradually concentrated during distillation until the acid concentration reaches 22.2% \[\ce{HCl}\] by weight and boils at 110°C. When this concentration is attained, boiling [CONSTANT BOILING MIXTURE or AZEOTROPE] cannot be used to enhance the acid concentration any further.
Water and \[\ce{HCl}\] are the main components of vapors that form before 110°C, although \[\ce{HCl}\] molecules make up the majority of vapors that form above this temperature.
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