Phanerogams are plants with specialised reproductive structures that produce seeds. These seeds form after reproduction and contain an embryo along with stored food, which supports the initial growth of the embryo during germination. Phanerogams are further classified based on whether their seeds are enclosed within a fruit. Plants with exposed seeds are called gymnosperms, while those with seeds enclosed in a fruit are classified as angiosperms. This group represents advanced plant forms with efficient reproductive and survival strategies.
Topics
Diversity of Living Organisms
The Living World
- What is ‘Living’?
- Diversity in the Living World
- Taxonomic Hierarchy of Living Organisms: Unit of Classification
- Three Domains of Life
- Taxonomical Aids
Biological Classification
Plant Kingdom
Animal Kingdom
Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants
Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Morphology and Modifications of Root, Stem, Leaf
- Types of Root
- Modifications of Roots for Storage, Respiration (Pneumatophores) and Support (Stilt and Prop)
- Stems
- Shoot System
- Leaves
- Types of Leaves (Simple and Compound – Pinnate and Palmate)
- Phyllotaxy – Alternate, Opposite, Whorled (With an Example of Each)
- Modifications for Mechanical Support, Protection, Storage, Reproduction; Insectivorous Plant (Pitcher Plant, Venus-fly-trap
- Morphology of Flower, Fruit and Seed
- Types of Inflorescence (Racemose and Cymose)
- Structure of a Typical Flower
- Fruits to Be Classified into True and False, Structure of a Typical Fruit (Mango and Coconut)
- Structure of a Dicotyledonous Seed
- Non-Albuminous and Albuminous, Perisperm
- Description of Families – Solanaceae, Fabaceae and Liliaceae
Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Meristems or Meristematic Tissues
- Permanent Tissue
- Epidermal Tissue System
- Internal Structure of Root, Stem, and Leaf
- Secondary Growth in Dicot Stem and Dicot Root (With the Help of Outline Diagrams)
- Formation of Annual Rings
- Activity of the Cambium and Cork Cambium
- Formation of Secondary Tissues
- Differences Between Heart Wood and Sap Wood
- Early Wood and Late Wood
- Definition of Bark
Structural Organisation in Animals
- Introduction of Structural Organisation in Animals
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Muscular Tissue
- Neural Tissue
- Morphology of Cockroach
- Location, Structure and Functions of Epithelial Tissues with Examples
- Types of Junctions
- Location and General Structure of Areolar Tissue
- Difference Between Bone and Cartilage
- T.S. of Hyaline Cartilage and Bone
- Different Types of Muscles and Their Functions
- Anatomy of Cockroach
Cell: Structure and Function
Cell - The Unit of Life
- Cell Theory
- Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
- Plant Cell and Animal Cell
- Structure and Functions of Cell Envelope, Cell Membrane, Cell Wall, Cell Organelles
- Endomembrane System
- Mitochondria
- Ribosomes
- Plastids
- Microbodies
- Cytoskeleton
- Cilia and Flagella
- Centrosome and Centrioles
- Nucleus
Biomolecules
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Plant Physiology
Transport in Plants
- Introduction of Transport in Plants
- Movement of Water, Gases and Nutrients
- Cell to Cell Transport
- Simple Diffusion
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Active Transport
- Osmosi
- Water Potential (ψ)
- Turgidity and Flaccidity (Plasmolysis)
- Introduction of Long Distance Transport of Water
- Uptake of Mineral Ions
- Structure of Stomatal Apparatus
- Concept of Plant-water Relations
- Diffusion of Gases
- Transport in Plants (Numericals)
Mineral Nutrition
- Plant Mineral Nutrition
- Elementary Idea of Hydroponics
- Criteria for Essentiality
- Macro and Micro Nutrients and Their Role
- Nitrogen Metabolism
- Nitrogen Cycle
- Nitrogen to Ammonia Conversion and Nitrogenase
- Deficiency Symptoms of Essential Elements
- Toxicity of Micronutrients
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
- Early Experiments on Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis Reaction
- Electron Transport - Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation
- Pigments Are Involved in Photosynthesis
- Photochemical and Biosynthetic Phases of Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis as a Mean of Autotrophic Nutrition
- Site of Photosynthesis
- Photorespiration
- Light-independent Reactions
- Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
Respiration in Plants
- Respiration in Plant
- Phases of Respiration: Glycolysis
- Exchange of Gases - in Plants
- Oxidation of Pyruvate
- Types of Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
- Phases of Respiration: Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle Or Kreb’s Cycle)
- Energy Relations - Number of ATP Molecules Generated
- Phases of Respiration: Fermentation
- Respiratory Quotient (R.Q.)
- Amphibolic Pathways
Plant Growth and Development
- Introduction of Plant Growth and Development
- Plant Growth Generally is Indeterminate
- Phases of Plant Growth
- Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation
- Characteristics of Growth Regulators
- Photoperiodism
- Formation of Seed and Fruit
- Conditions Necessary for Plant Growth
- Concept of Development
- Formation of Seed and Fruit
- Vernalisation
Human Physiology
Digestion and Absorption
- Alimentary Canal
- Role of Digestive Enzymes and Gastrointestinal Hormones
- Peristalsis, Digestion, Absorption and Assimilation of Proteins, Carbohydrates and Fats
- Calorific Values of Proteins
- Calorific Values of Carbohydrates
- Calorific Values of Fats
- Egestion of Food
- Nutritional and Digestive Tract Disorders
Breathing and Exchange of Gases
Body Fluids and Circulation
- Introduction of Body Fluids and Circulation
- Function of Platelets - Clotting of Blood (Coagulation)
- Blood Transfusion and Blood Groups (ABO and Rh system)
- Lymph and Lymphatic System
- Human Circulatory System
- Cardiac Cycle
- Types of Closed Circulation
- Electrocardiograph (ECG)
- Regulation of Cardiac Activity
- Disorders of Circulatory System
- Cardiac Output
Excretory Products and Their Elimination
- Modes of Excretion: Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, and Uricotelism
- Modes of Excretion: Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, and Uricotelism
- Modes of Excretion: Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, and Uricotelism
- Human Excretory System
- Function of the Kidney - “Production of Urine”
- Osmoregulation
- Regulation of Kidney Function
- Accessory Excretory Organs
- Common Disorders of the Urinary System
- Dialysis and Artificial Kidney
Locomotion and Movement
Neural Control and Coordination
Chemical Co-ordination and Integration
- Introduction of Chemical Coordination and Integration
- Human Endocrine System
- The Hypothalamus
- Mechanism of Hormone Action
- Role of Hormones as Messengers and Regulators
- Hypo and Hyperactivity and Related Disorders
Phanerogams:
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