Kingdom Monera

Topics

Diversity of Living Organisms
The Living World
- What is ‘Living’?
- Diversity in the Living World
- Taxonomic Hierarchy of Living Organisms: Unit of Classification
- Three Domains of Life
- Taxonomical Aids
Biological Classification
- Introduction of Biological Classification
- Five Kingdom Classification
- Kingdom Monera
- Kingdom Animalia
- Viruses, Viroids, Prions and Lichens
- Biological Classification (Problems)
Plant Kingdom
- Introduction of Plant Kingdom
- Classification System - Artificial and Natural
- Phylogenetic Classification System
- Sub Classification of Plantae
- Concept of Algae
- Division II- Bryophytes
- Division III- Pteridophytes
- Phanerogams
- Division I-Gymnosperms
- Division II- Angiosperms
- Life Cycle Patterns in Plants
Animal Kingdom
- Kingdom Animalia
- Animal Construction
- Non Chordates (Invertebrata)
- Phylum: Chordata
- Animal Kingdom (Questions)
Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants
Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Morphology and Modifications of Root, Stem, Leaf
- Types of Root
- Modifications of Roots for Storage, Respiration (Pneumatophores) and Support (Stilt and Prop)
- Stems
- Shoot System
- Leaves
- Types of Leaves (Simple and Compound – Pinnate and Palmate)
- Phyllotaxy – Alternate, Opposite, Whorled (With an Example of Each)
- Modifications for Mechanical Support, Protection, Storage, Reproduction; Insectivorous Plant (Pitcher Plant, Venus-fly-trap
- Morphology of Flower, Fruit and Seed
- Types of Inflorescence (Racemose and Cymose)
- Structure of a Typical Flower
- Fruits to Be Classified into True and False, Structure of a Typical Fruit (Mango and Coconut)
- Structure of a Dicotyledonous Seed
- Non-Albuminous and Albuminous, Perisperm
- Description of Families – Solanaceae, Fabaceae and Liliaceae
Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Meristems or Meristematic Tissues
- Permanent Tissue
- Epidermal Tissue System
- Internal Structure of Root, Stem, and Leaf
- Secondary Growth in Dicot Stem and Dicot Root (With the Help of Outline Diagrams)
- Formation of Annual Rings
- Activity of the Cambium and Cork Cambium
- Formation of Secondary Tissues
- Differences Between Heart Wood and Sap Wood
- Early Wood and Late Wood
- Definition of Bark
Structural Organisation in Animals
- Introduction of Structural Organisation in Animals
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Muscular Tissue
- Neural Tissue
- Morphology of Cockroach
- Location, Structure and Functions of Epithelial Tissues with Examples
- Types of Junctions
- Location and General Structure of Areolar Tissue
- Difference Between Bone and Cartilage
- T.S. of Hyaline Cartilage and Bone
- Different Types of Muscles and Their Functions
- Anatomy of Cockroach
Cell: Structure and Function
Cell - The Unit of Life
- Cell Theory
- Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
- Plant Cell and Animal Cell
- Structure and Functions of Cell Envelope, Cell Membrane, Cell Wall, Cell Organelles
- Endomembrane System
- Mitochondria
- Ribosomes
- Plastids
- Microbodies
- Cytoskeleton
- Cilia and Flagella
- Centrosome and Centrioles
- Nucleus
Biomolecules
- Structure of Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Structure and Function of Lipids
- Nucleic Acids
- Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
- Introduction of Cell Division
- Significance of Mitosis
- Significance of Meiosis
Plant Physiology
Transport in Plants
- Introduction of Transport in Plants
- Movement of Water, Gases and Nutrients
- Cell to Cell Transport
- Simple Diffusion
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Active Transport
- Osmosi
- Water Potential (ψ)
- Turgidity and Flaccidity (Plasmolysis)
- Introduction of Long Distance Transport of Water
- Uptake of Mineral Ions
- Structure of Stomatal Apparatus
- Concept of Plant-water Relations
- Diffusion of Gases
- Transport in Plants (Numericals)
Mineral Nutrition
- Plant Mineral Nutrition
- Elementary Idea of Hydroponics
- Criteria for Essentiality
- Macro and Micro Nutrients and Their Role
- Nitrogen Metabolism
- Nitrogen Cycle
- Nitrogen to Ammonia Conversion and Nitrogenase
- Deficiency Symptoms of Essential Elements
- Toxicity of Micronutrients
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
- Early Experiments on Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis Reaction
- Electron Transport - Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation
- Pigments Are Involved in Photosynthesis
- Photochemical and Biosynthetic Phases of Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis as a Mean of Autotrophic Nutrition
- Site of Photosynthesis
- Photorespiration
- Light-independent Reactions
- Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
Respiration in Plants
- Respiration in Plant
- Phases of Respiration: Glycolysis
- Exchange of Gases - in Plants
- Oxidation of Pyruvate
- Types of Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
- Phases of Respiration: Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle Or Kreb’s Cycle)
- Energy Relations - Number of ATP Molecules Generated
- Phases of Respiration: Fermentation
- Respiratory Quotient (R.Q.)
- Amphibolic Pathways
Plant Growth and Development
- Introduction of Plant Growth and Development
- Plant Growth Generally is Indeterminate
- Phases of Plant Growth
- Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation
- Characteristics of Growth Regulators
- Photoperiodism
- Formation of Seed and Fruit
- Conditions Necessary for Plant Growth
- Concept of Development
- Formation of Seed and Fruit
- Vernalisation
Human Physiology
Digestion and Absorption
- Alimentary Canal
- Role of Digestive Enzymes and Gastrointestinal Hormones
- Peristalsis, Digestion, Absorption and Assimilation of Proteins, Carbohydrates and Fats
- Calorific Values of Proteins
- Calorific Values of Carbohydrates
- Calorific Values of Fats
- Egestion of Food
- Nutritional and Digestive Tract Disorders
Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Introduction of Breating and Exchange of Gases
- Respiratory Organs
- Human Respiratory System
- Mechanism of respiration-Breathing
- Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
- Exchange of Gases
- Transport of Gases - Transport of Oxygen
- Disorders of Respiratory System
- Regulation of Breathing / Respiration
Body Fluids and Circulation
- Introduction of Body Fluids and Circulation
- Function of Platelets - Clotting of Blood (Coagulation)
- Blood Transfusion and Blood Groups (ABO and Rh system)
- Lymph and Lymphatic System
- Human Circulatory System
- Cardiac Cycle
- Types of Closed Circulation
- Electrocardiograph (ECG)
- Regulation of Cardiac Activity
- Disorders of Circulatory System
- Cardiac Output
Excretory Products and Their Elimination
- Modes of Excretion: Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, and Uricotelism
- Modes of Excretion: Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, and Uricotelism
- Modes of Excretion: Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, and Uricotelism
- Human Excretory System
- Function of the Kidney - “Production of Urine”
- Osmoregulation
- Regulation of Kidney Function
- Accessory Excretory Organs
- Common Disorders of the Urinary System
- Dialysis and Artificial Kidney
Locomotion and Movement
- Introduction of Locomotion and Movement
- Types of Movement
- Muscles
- Skeletal System
- Joints and Its Classification
- Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System
Neural Control and Coordination
- Human Neural System
- Human Neural System
- Transmission of Nerve Impulse
- Reflex and Reflex Action
- Sensory Perception
- Sense Organs
- Human Eye
- Human Ear
Chemical Co-ordination and Integration
- Introduction of Chemical Coordination and Integration
- Human Endocrine System
- The Hypothalamus
- Mechanism of Hormone Action
- Role of Hormones as Messengers and Regulators
- Hypo and Hyperactivity and Related Disorders

Introduction
Experiment

Introduction:

These are prokaryotes, which means nuclear materials are not membrane-bound in them. They may or may not have a cell wall and can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. All organisms of this kingdom are unicellular. These organisms are the simplest and oldest forms of life on Earth. They are incredibly diverse and play essential roles in the environment, human health, and industry. They are microscopic and come in various shapes, such as spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), spiral (spirilla), and comma-shaped (vibrios).

Examples,

Organisms from Kingdom Monera

Experiment

1. Aim: To observe lactobacilli bacteria in curd or buttermilk under a compound microscope.

2. Requirements: a clean glass slide, a drop of curd or buttermilk, water, a cover slip, and a compound microscope.

3. Procedure

Take a clean glass slide and place a small drop of curd or buttermilk on it.
Add a tiny amount of water to dilute the drop.
Carefully place a cover slip over the drop to avoid air bubbles.
Use a compound microscope to observe the sample under high power.

4. Observation: Small, moving, rod-shaped microbes, known as lactobacilli bacteria, can be observed.

5. Conclusion: The experiment shows that curd or buttermilk contains lactobacilli bacteria, which are part of the Kingdom Monera. This kingdom includes all types of bacteria and bluegreen algae.

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Topics

Diversity of Living Organisms

The Living World

Biological Classification

Plant Kingdom

Animal Kingdom

Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

Morphology of Flowering Plants

Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Structural Organisation in Animals

Cell: Structure and Function

Cell - The Unit of Life

Biomolecules

Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Plant Physiology

Transport in Plants

Mineral Nutrition

Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Respiration in Plants

Plant Growth and Development

Human Physiology

Digestion and Absorption

Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Body Fluids and Circulation

Excretory Products and Their Elimination

Locomotion and Movement

Neural Control and Coordination

Chemical Co-ordination and Integration

Introduction:

Experiment

Video Tutorials

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