Topics
Number Systems
Program Analysis
Introduction to C+ +
- Introduction to C++
- Character Sets
- Standard I/O Strems in C++
- Type Modifiers
- C++ Data Types
- Variables in C++
- Constants
- Compiler Tokens
- Operators in C++
- Comments in C++
- Scope and Visibility
- Control Statements
- Functions in C++
- Default Arguments
- Techniques used to pass Variables into C++ Functions
- Function Overloading
- Inline Functions
- Recursion
- Pointers in C++
- Arrays in C++
- References
- Type Conversion in Expressions
Visual Basic
- Introduction to Visual Basic
- One language Three Editions
- Study Of Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
- Visual Basic Programming
- Few Common Methods
Introduction to Networking and Internet
- Introduction to Networking and Internet
- Networking Terms and Concepts
- Types of Networks
- Network Security
- Network Configurations
- Network Applications
- Introduction
- Arithmetic Operators
- Increment and decrement operator
- Relational Operator
- Logical operator (Boolean Operator)
- Conditional Operator
- Assignment Operator
- Shorthand (compound) Operators
- Bitwise Operators
- Operators dealing with Streams
- Comma Operators
- The Size of Operators
- Scope Resolution Operator
- Memory Management Operators (new, delete)
- Type cast operators
- Stream Manipulation Operators
Operators
An operator is a symbol that tells the computer to perform certain mathematical and logical manipulations. Operators are used in program to manipulate data and variables. C++ has a rich set of operators.
Arithmetic operators
They are used for mathematical calculations. An arithmetic expression is made up of constants, variables, a combination of both or a function call, connected by arithmetic operators. Following are the subtypes:
- Unary arithmetic operator: Needs only one operand.
- Binary arithmetic operator Needs 2 operands.
Increment and decrement operators
In some situations, a need may arise to increase or decrease, value of a variable by one. C++ provides special operators ++ and - - to do the same. These operators are unary i.e. it works on a single operand. The incrementing and decrementing can be of 2 types:
- Prefix: first increment/decrement the value of the variable and then take this new value for processing. g. ++a, --b.
- Postfix: First take the value of the variable increment or decrement the variable. g. a++, b++.
Relational operator
These are used to test the relation between 2 values. All C++ relational operators are binary operators and hence require 2 operands.
| Operator | Symbol | Result |
| Less than | < | Returns 1 if a is less than b otherwise 0 |
| Greater than | > | Returns 1 if a is greater than b otherwise 0 |
| Less than or equal to | <= | Returns 1 if a is less than Or eoual to b otherwise 0 |
|
Greater than or equal to |
>= | Returns 1 if a is greater than or equal to to b otherwise 0 |
| Equal to equal to | == | Returns 1 if both are equal (same) |
| Not equal to | != | Returns 1 if both values are i:iot , eaual |
Logical operators: (Boolean operators)
They combine the results of one or more expressions into a logical expression, returning a true or false status after evaluating the conditions. These operators can be unary or binary, with operands that may be constants, variables, or even expressions, and can include integers or floating-point number
| Operator | Symbol | Form | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Logical AND | && |
a && b |
Returns 1 if a and b are nonzero, else returns 0 |
| Logical OR | || | a || b | Returns 1 if a or b is nonzero, else 0 |
| Logical negation | ! |
!a |
Returns 1 if a is zero, else returns 0 |
Hierarchy of Logical Operators is as follows:
Relational & Arithmetic Operator > Logical NOT(!) > Logical AND(&&)>Logical OR(||)
Conditional operator (?:)
C++ contains a very powerful and convenient operator that can be used to form conditional expression. It is ternary operator taking 3 arguments.
| Operator | Symbol | Form | Result |
|---|
| Conditional | ?: |
a ? b : c |
If a is nonzero, result is b; otherwise, the result is c |
This operator can replace the if-else structure.
Assignment & Shorthand (compound) operators
‘=’ operator causes the value of the right hand operand to be assigned to the left hand operand(right-to-left associativity). The left-hand operand, sometimes called an lvalue, must always refer to a memory location.
C++ supports additional assignment operators combining assignment with ea h of the arithmetic operations.
| Operator | Symbol | Operation |
| Add-assign | += | Eouivalent to a = a + b |
| Subtract-assign | -= | Equivalent to a = a - b |
| Multiply-assign | * = | Eouivalent to a= a* b |
| divide- assign | /= | Equivalent to a= a/b |
| Remainder-assign | %= | Equivalent to a = a % b |
Bitwise operators
C++ bit manipulation operators work on individual bits of data. They can only be used with integral types like char or int.
- One's complement operator (~): The number is complemented ( 1 's complement) by replacing all 1 's by 0's ,and vice versa.
- Right shift operator(>>) & Left shift(<<) operator: Operator on the single operand. Shifts each bit in the operand to the right. The left shift operator shifts each bit in the operand to the left and zeros are added to right of the number
- Bitwise AND, OR and XOR: Bitwise operators work on two operands, being from the same datatype either char or int. These operators work in the same way as their logical counterparts, but these work on each individual data bit.
Operators dealing with streams
- Insertion operator ( <<): << is insertion or put to operator. It inserts (or sends) the contents of the variable on its right to the object on its left. This operator is used along with cout stream.
- Extraction operator(>>): The `>>` operator, known as the extraction or get-from operator, takes input from the keyboard and assigns it to the variable on its right. It is used with the `cin` object.
The sizeof Operator
C++ offers the `sizeof` operator to calculate the size of any data item or type. It takes a single operand, either a type name (e.g., int) or an expression (e.g., 100), and returns the size in bytes. The result is machine-dependent.
Scope Resolution Operator
C++ is a block-structured language allowing blocks and scopes in program construction. Unlike C, where a global variable is inaccessible within an inner block, C++ uses the scope resolution operator `::` to access hidden global variables.
Syntax : : variable_name ;
Memory Management Operators (new, delete)
Dynamic allocation is used when memory needs are unknown in advance. C++ provides the new and delete operators to allocate and free memory efficiently. These are known as free store operators. The new`operator creates objects of any type, and delete destroys them as needed.
Syntax: pointer_ variable = new data type;
Type cast operator
C++ permits explicit type conversion of variables or expressions using the type cast operator.
Syntax: type-name (expression)
Implicit Conversions: In C++, when data types are mixed in an expression, implicit or automatic conversions occur. The compiler divides the expression into sub-expressions with one operator and one or two operands. For binary operators with differing operand types, the compiler converts the "smaller" type to the "wider" type. For example, an int is converted to a float when both types are used together in an expression
