Measurement of Length

Length can be measured using metre scale (10-3m to 102m), vernier callipers (10-4 m) and screw gauge and spherometer (10-5 m).

Large distances such as the distance of a planet or a star from the earth cannot be measured directly with a metre scale. An important method in such cases is the parallax method.

Parallax is a displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight and is measured by the angle or semi-angle of inclination between those two lines. The distance between the two viewpoints is called Basis.

When you hold a pencil in front of you against some specific point on the background (a wall) and look at the pencil first through your left eye A (closing the right eye) and then look at the pencil through your right eye B (closing the left eye), you would notice that the position of the pencil seems to change with respect to the point on the wall. This is called parallax. The distance between the two points of observation is called the basis. In this example, the basis is the distance between the eyes.

Measuring the distance of a planet using parallax method
Measuring the distance of a faraway planet:
Let us assume S is a planet a distance D from Earth. A and B are two observatories on Earth.

Distance                             AB = b
Parallax Angle  ∠ASB = θ
As the planet is very far away.
So,                                      `b/D`<< 1
and hence, θ is very small.

AB is an arc of circle with centre S and radius D
                                            D = AS = BS
                                            AB = b = Dθ, where θ is in radians
                                            D = `b/θ`   ....(i)
After determining D, the size or angular diameter of the planet can be determined using the same method.
                                            α = `d/D`   ....(ii)
Using these two equations, the diameter of the planet can be calculated.

-To measure distances as low as the size of a molecule, electron microscopes are used. These contain electron beams controlled by electric and magnetic fields.

- Electron microscopes have a resolution of 0.6 Å or Angstroms.

- Electron microscopes are able to resolve atoms and molecules while using tunnelling microscopy, it is possible to estimate the size of molecule.

Estimating the size of a molecule of Oleic acid:-
The steps followed in determining the size of the molecule are:

• Dissolve 1 cm3 of oleic acid in alcohol to make a solution of 20 cm3. Take 1 cm3 of the above solution and dissolve in alcohol to make a solution of 20 cm3 Concentration of oleic acid in the solution will be (1/(20x20)) cm3.

• Sprinkle lycopodium powder on the surface of the water in a trough and put one drop of the above solution. The oleic acid in the solution will spread over water in a circular, molecular thick film.

• Measure the diameter of the above circular film using the below calculations.

• If n – Number of drops of solution in water, V – Volume of each drop, t – Thickness of the film, A – Area of the film

Total volume of n drops of solution = nV cm3

Amount of Oleic acid in this solution = nV(1/(20 x 20)) cm3

Thickness of the film t = Volume of the film / Area of the film

t = nV/(20x20A) cm

The sizes of the objects we come across in the universe vary over a very wide range. These may vary from the size of the order of 10–14 m of the tiny nucleus of an atom to the size of the order of 1026 m of the extent of the observable universe. The table below gives the range and order of lengths and sizes of some of these objects