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Question
Define or explain the following concept:
Selling cost
Solution
Selling cost refers to the total expenditure incurred by a monopolistically competitive firm in order to differentiate its product from the product of its competitors. For instance, advertisement expenses incurred by a firm are a part of the selling cost of the product.
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| Price of banana (per dozen) in ₹ | Demand (in dozen) | Supply (in dozen) | Relation between DD and SS |
| 10 | 500 | 100 | DD > SS |
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| 30 | _____ | 300 | DD = SS |
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| 50 | ______ | 500 | DD < SS |
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Selling cost -
PASSAGE
In India, markets for automobiles, cement, steel, aluminium, etc, are the examples of oligopolistic market. In all these markets, there are few firms for each particular product. Duopoly is a special case of oligopoly, in which there are exactly two sellers. Under duopoly, it is assumed that the product sold by the two firms is homogeneous and there is no substitute for it. Examples where two companies control a large proportion of a market are: (i) Pepsi and Coca-Cola in the soft drink market; (ii) Airbus and Boeing in the commercial large jet aircraft market.
Operating systems for smart phones and computers provide excellent examples of oligopolies in big tech. Apple iOS and Google Android dominate smart phone operating systems. Computer operating systems are overshadowed by Apple and Microsoft Windows.
- Give examples of oligopolistic market in India (1 mark)
- Explain the concept of duopoly with a suitable example from the passage (1 mark)
- Express your personal opinion based on the above information (2 marks)
