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Question
Explain why a solution of hydrogen chloride in water turns blue litmus red and conducts electricity, while a solution of the same gas in toluene:
- has no effect on litmus, and
- does not conduct electricity.
Solution
A solution of hydrogen chloride in water gives ions,
\[\ce{HCl + H2O -> H3O+ + Cl-}\]
These ions are responsible for conducting electricity and turning blue litmus red due to the presence of hydronium \[\ce{H3O+}\] ions, which cause \[\ce{HCl}\] aqueous solution to be acidic.
Toluene is an organic solvent, whereas \[\ce{HCl}\] is a covalent molecule. A solution of \[\ce{HCl}\] in toluene includes only molecules and not ions; hence, it does not conduct electricity. The absence of hydronium \[\ce{H3O+}\] ions neutralizes the solution, and it has no impact on litmus paper.
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