Topics
Periodic Table, Periodic Properties and Variations of Properties
- History of Periodic Table: Early Attempts at the Classification of Elements
- Dobereiner’s Triads
- Newland's Law of Octaves
- Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
- The Modern Periodic Table
- Periodic Properties
- Shells (Orbits)
- Valency
- Atomic Radius Or Atomic Size
- Metallic and Non-metallic Characters
- Chemical Reactivity
- Ionisation Potential (Ionisation Energy)
- Electron Affinity
- Electronegativity
- Atomic Number (Z), Mass Number (A), and Number of Neutrons (n)
- Atomic Mass
- Study of Specific Groups in Periodic Table
- Group I (Alkali Metals)
- Group VIIA Or Group 17 (The Halogens)
Chemical Bonding
- Chemical Bond
- Types of Chemical Bond
- Ionic or Electrovalent Bond
- Ionic or Electrovalent Bond
- The Covalent Bond
- Types of Covalent Bond
- Formation of Covalent Bond
- Properties and Comparison of Electrovalent and Covalent Compounds
- Effect of Electricity on Electrovalent and Covalent Compounds
- Coordinate Bond
- Formation of Coordinate Bond
Study of Acids, Bases and Salts
- Acids
- Classification of Acids
- Preparation of Acids
- Properties of Acids
- Uses of Acids
- Bases (Alkalis)
- Classification of Bases (Alkalis)
- Preparation of Bases
- Properties of Bases (Alkalis)
- Uses of Bases
- Making of natural indicator
- Strength of Acidic or Basic Solutions
- Salts
- Classification of Salts
- Methods of Preparation of Soluble Salts
- Preparation of Insoluble Salts
- Laboratory Preparation of Some Salts
- Laboratory Preparation of Iron (III) Chloride
- Laboratory Preparation of Zinc Sulphate Crystals from Zinc and Sulphuric Acid
- Laboratory Preparation of Lead Chloride and Calcium Carbonate
- Laboratory Preparation of an Acid Salt Sodium Bicarbonate
- Neutralisation
- Laboratory Preparation of Copper (II) Sulphate (Or Blue Vitriol)
- Laboratory Preparation of Sodium Sulphate Crystals
- Properties of Salts
Analytical Chemistry
- Analytical Chemistry
- Colours of the Salts and Their Solutions
- Action of Sodium Hydroxide Solution on Certain Metallic Salt Solutions
- Action of Ammonium Hydroxide on Certain Salt Solutions
- Action of Alkalis on Certain Metals
- Action of Alkalis on Metal Oxides
Mole Concept and Stoichiometry
- The Gas Laws
- Fundamental Laws of Gases
- Pressure and Volume Relationship or Bolye's Law
- Temperature - Volume Relationship or Charles's Law
- Gay Lussac’s Law of Combining Volumes
- Avogadro’s Law
- Gas Equation
- Standard Temperature Pressure (S.T.P.)
- Absolute Zero
- Atomic Mass
- Molecular Mass
- Mole Concept
- Relationship Between Vapour Density and Relative Molecular Mass
- Percentage Composition, Empirical and Molecular Formula
- Empirical Formula of a Compound
- Determination of Empirical Formula
- Determination of Molecular Formula
- Chemical Equation
- Balancing Chemical Equation
- Numerical Problems of Chemical Equation
Electrolysis
- Electrolysis
- Electrolytes
- Nonelectrolyte
- Electrochemical Cells
- Electrodes
- Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Reactions
- Arrhenius Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation
- Electrochemical Series
- Preferential Or Selective Discharge of Ions at Electrodes
- Examples of Electrolysis
- Electrolysis of Molten Lead Bromid
- Electrolysis of Acidified Water Using Platinum Electrodes
- Electrolysis of Copper Sulphate Solution Using Platinum Anode and Copper Or Platinum Cathode
- Electrolysis of Aqueous Copper Sulphate - Using Copper Electrodes
- Applications of Electrolysis
Metallurgy
- Types of Element: Metals
- Types of Element: Non-metal
- Mineral Resources
- Ores
- Metallurgy
- Extraction of Reactive Metals
- Types of Separation or Concentration of an Ore
- Conversion of Concentrated Ore to Its Oxide
- Reactivity Series of Metals
- Reduction of Metal Oxides to Metals
- Refining of Metals
- Corrosion of Metals
- Metallurgy of Aluminium
- Extraction of Aluminium
- Refining of Aluminium
- Alloy
- Making Alloys
- Some Common Alloys
- Prevention of Corrosion
Study of Compounds
Hydrogen Chloride
- Hydrogen Chloride
- General Preparation of Hydrogen Chloride Gas
- Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen Chloride Gas
- Physical Properties of Hydrogen Chloride Gas
- Chemical Properties of Hydrogen Chloride Gas
- Hydrochloric Acid
- Laboratory Method of Preparation of Hydrochloric Acid
- Properties of Hydrochloric Acid
- Uses of Hydrochloric Acid
- Tests for Hydrogen Chloride and Hydrochloric Acid
Ammonia
- Ammonia
- General Methods of Preparation of Ammonia Gas
- Laboratory Preparation of Ammonia Gas
- Preparation of Aqueous Ammonia
- Manufacture of Ammonia (Haber's Process)
- Physical Properties of Ammonia
- Chemical Properties of Ammonia
- Tests for Ammonia Gas and Ammonium Ion
- Uses of Ammonia
Nitric Acid
- Nitric Acid
- Laboratory Preparation of Nitric Acid
- Manufacture of Nitric Acid
- Physical Properties of Nitric Acid
- Chemical Properties of Nitric Acid
- Uses of Nitric Acid
- Tests for Nitric Acid and Nitrates
- Effects of Heat on Nitrates
Sulphuric Acid
- Sulphuric Acid
- Preparation of Sulphuric Acid
- Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid (Constant Process)
- Physical Properties of Sulphuric Acid
- Chemical Properties of Sulphuric Acid
- Uses of Sulphuric Acid
- Tests for Sulphuric Acid and Sulphates
Organic Chemistry
- Carbon: a Versatile Element
- Classification of Compounds of Carbon
- Organic Compounds
- Special Features of Carbon
- Organic Compounds in Daily Life
- Hydrocarbons
- Classification of Organic Compounds Based on the Pattern of Carbon Chain
- Classification of Organic Compound Based on the Kind of Atoms
- Homologous Series of Carbon Compound
- Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
- IUPAC Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons
- IUPAC Nomenclature of other classes
- Alkyl Group
- Functional Groups in Carbon Compounds
- Isomers
- Hydrocarbons: Alkanes
- Methane
- Laboratory Preparation of Methane
- Ethane
- Laboratory Preparation of Ethane
- Hydrocarbons: Alkenes
- Ethene (Ethylene)
- Preparation of Ethene (Ethylene)
- Hydrocarbons: Alkynes
- Ethyne
- Laboratory Preparation of Ethyne
- Alcohol
- Ethanol
- Laboratory Preparation of Ethanol
- Carboxylic Acids
- Ethanoic Acid
Practical Work
- Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen
- Laboratory Preparation of Oxygen
- Laboratory Preparation of Carbon Dioxide
- Laboratory Preparation of Chlorine
- Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen Chloride Gas
- Laboratory Preparation of Sulphur Dioxide
- Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen Sulphide
- Laboratory Preparation of Ammonia Gas
- Laboratory Preparation of Water Vapour
- Laboratory Preparation of Nitrogen Dioxide
- Action of Heat on a Given Substance
- Action of Dilute Sulphuric Acid on a Given Substance
- Dry Test
- Recognition of Substances by Colour
- Recognition of Substances by Odour
- Recognition of Substances by Physical State
- Recognition of Substances by Action of Heat
- Flame Test
- Strength of Acidic or Basic Solutions
- Indicators
- Identification of Ions
- Identification of Cations
- Identification of Anions
- Distinction Between Colourless Solutions of Dilute Acids and Alkalis
- Distinguish Between Black Copper Oxide and Black Manganese Dioxide
Uses of Acids:
- Vinegar is a diluted solution of acetic acid, often used in homes for various purposes, especially as a food preservative.
- Lemon and orange juice have high amounts of citric acid, which is also useful for preserving foods.
- Sulphuric acid is widely used in batteries, such as those found in cars for starting engines.
- Sulphuric and nitric acids are important in making industrial products like explosives, dyes, paints, and fertilisers.
- Many soft drinks contain phosphoric acid, which is a key ingredient for adding flavour and acidity.
- Acids are used in the production of chemical fertilisers.
- Acids are used in the production of explosives, oil purification, medicines, dyes, and paints.
- Hydrochloric acid is used for the preparation of different types of chloride salts.
- Dilute H₂SO₄ is used in batteries (electric cells).
- Dilute HCl is used for sterilisation of water.
- Acids are used for making white paper from wood pulp.
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is an acid present in our body that determines heredity.
- Proteins, which are part of our body cells, are made up of amino acids.
- Body fat is formed by fatty acids.
If you would like to contribute notes or other learning material, please submit them using the button below.
