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Questions
Obtain the condition for bridge balance in Wheatstone’s bridge.
Obtain the balancing conditions in the case of Wheatstone’s bridge.
Solution
An important application of Kirchhoff’s rules is the Wheatstone’s Bridge. It is used to compare resistances and also helps in determining the unknown resistance in an electrical network. The bridge consists of four resistances P, Q, R, and S connected. A galvanometer G is connected between the points B and D. The battery is connected between points A and C. The current through the galvanometer is IG and its resistance is G.
Wheatstone’s bridge
Applying KirchhofFs current rule to junction B,
I1 – IG – I3 = 0 ….. (1)
Applying Kirchhoff’s current rule to junction D,
I2 + IG – I4 = 0 ….. (2)
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage rule to loop ABDA,
I1P + IGG – I2R = 0 ….. (3)
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage rule to loop ABCDA,
I1P + I3Q – I4S – I2R = 0 ….. (4)
When the points B and D are at the same potential, the bridge is said to be balanced. As there is no potential difference between B and D, no current flows through the galvanometer (IG = 0).
Substituting IG = 0 in equation, (1), (2) and (3), we get
I1 = I3 ….. (5)
I2 = I4 ….. (6)
I1P = I2R ….. (7)
Substituting the equation (5) and (6) in equation (4)
I1P + I1Q – I2R = 0
I1(P + Q) = I2 (R + S) ….. (8)
Dividing equation (8) by equation (7), we get
`("P + Q")/"P" = ("R + S")/"R"`
`11 + "Q"/"P" = 1 + "S"/"R"`
`=> "Q"/"P" = "S"/"R"`
`"P"/"Q" = "R"/"S"` .....(9)
This is the bridge balance condition. Only under this condition, galvanometer show null deflection. Suppose we know the values of two adjacent resistances; the other two resistances can be compared. If three of the resistances are known, the value of the unknown resistance (the fourth one) can be determined.
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