Topics
Physics and Measurement
- What is Physics?
- Scope and Excitement of Physics
- Physics Related to Technology and Society
- Fundamental Forces in Nature
- Nature of Physical Laws
- Physical Quantities
- Unit and Its Types
- Unit Systems
- International System of Units (Si System)
- Unit Prefixes
- Measurement of Length
- Measurement of Mass
- Measurement of Time
- Accuracy, Precision and Least Count of Measuring Instruments
- Errors in Measurements
- Significant Figures
- Dimensions of Physical Quantities
- Dimensional Formulae and Dimensional Equations
- Dimensional Analysis and Its Applications
Kinematics
- Introduction to Kinematics
- Position, Path Length and Displacement
- Position - Time Graph
- Speed and Velocity
- Uniform and Non-uniform Motion
- Average Speed and Instantaneous Velocity
- Uniformly Accelerated Motion
- Velocity - Time Graphs
- Relations for Uniformly Accelerated Motion (Graphical Treatment)
- Scalars and Vectors
- Types of Vectors
- Addition and Subtraction of Vectors - Graphical Method
- Vector Addition – Analytical Method
- Scalar (Dot) and Vector (Cross) Product of Vectors
- Resolution of Vectors
- Relative Velocity
- Motion in a Plane
- Projectile Motion
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Motion Under Gravity
- Motion in a Plane with Constant Acceleration
- Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions
Laws of Motion
- Introduction to Laws of Motion
- Aristotle’s Fallacy
- The Law of Inertia
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Newton's Second Law of Motion
- Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Conservation of Momentum
- Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum and Its Applications
- Equilibrium of a Particle
- Common Forces in Mechanics
- Rolling Friction
- Circular Motion and Its Characteristics
- Static and Kinetic Friction
- Laws of Friction
- Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion - Centripetal Force
- Solving Problems in Mechanics
- Motion of Connected Bodies, Pulley and Equilibrium of Forces
- Friction
- Banking of Roads
Work, Energy, and Power
- Introduction of Work, Energy and Power
- Notions of Work and Kinetic Energy: the Work-energy Theorem
- Concept of Work
- Kinetic Energy (K)
- Concept of Work
- Work Done by a Constant Force and a Variable Force
- The Work-energy Theorem for a Variable Force
- Potential Energy (U)
- Conservation of Mechanical Energy
- Potential Energy of a Spring
- Various Forms of Energy : the Law of Conservation of Energy
- Power
- Collisions
- The Concept of Energy
Rotational Motion
- Centre of Mass of Two-particle System
- Centre of Mass of a Rigid Body
- Basic Concepts of Rotational Motion
- Moment of a Force
- Torque and Angular Momentum
- Moment of Inertia
- Values of Moments of Inertia for Simple Geometrical Objects (No Derivation)
- Theorems of Perpendicular and Parallel Axes
- Rigid Body Rotation
- Equations of Rotational Motion
- Centre of Gravity
- Principle of Moments
- Angular Displacement
- Velocity and Acceleration in Simple Harmonic Motion
- Couple and Its Torque
- Rolling Motion
- Rotational K.E.
Gravitation
- Introduction to Gravitation
- Kepler’s Laws
- Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
- The Gravitational Constant
- Acceleration Due to Gravity of the Earth
- Acceleration Due to Gravity Below and Above the Earth's Surface
- Acceleration Due to Gravity and Its Variation with Altitude and Depth
- Gravitational Field
- Gravitational Potential Energy
- Escape Speed
- Earth Satellites
- Energy of an Orbiting Satellite
- Geostationary and Polar Satellites
- Weightlessness
- Escape Velocity
- Orbital Velocity of a Satellite
- Motion of Satellites
Properties of Solids and Liquids
- Introduction of Properties of Solids and Liquids
- Elastic Behaviour of Solid
- Stress and Strain
- Hooke’s Law
- Stress-strain Curve
- Elastic Moduli
- Young’s Modulus
- Determination of Young’s Modulus of the Material of a Wire
- Shear Modulus or Modulus of Rigidity
- Bulk Modulus
- Poisson’s Ratio
- Elastic Potential Energy in a Stretched Wire
- Application of Elastic Behaviour of Materials
- Pressure
- Pascal’s Law
- Variation of Pressure with Depth
- Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure
- Hydraulic Machines
- Streamline and Turbulent Flow
- Bernoulli's Equation
- Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
- Torricelli's Law
- Viscous Force or Viscosity
- Stoke's Law
- Surface Tension
- Surface Energy
- Surface Tension and Surface Energy
- Angle of Contact
- Drops and Bubbles
- Capillary Rise
- Detergents and Surface Tension
- Heat and Temperature
- Measurement of Temperature
- Ideal-gas Equation and Absolute Temperature
- Thermal Expansion
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Calorimetry
- Change of State - Latent Heat Capacity
- Heat Transfer
- Conduction
- Convection
- Radiation
- Blackbody Radiation
- Qualitative Ideas of Black Body Radiation
- Wien's Displacement Law
- Green House Effect
- Newton’s Law of Cooling
- Reynold's Number
- Work Done in Stretching a Wire
- Terminal Velocity
- Capillarity and Capillary Action
- Fluid Flow
- Thermometer and Its Types
Thermodynamics
- Introduction of Thermodynamics
- Thermal Equilibrium
- Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat, Internal Energy and Work
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Thermodynamic State Variables and Equation of State
- Thermodynamic Process
- Isothermal Processes
- Adiabatic Processes
- Heat Engine
- Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Reversible and Irreversible Processes
- Carnot Engine
Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Introduction of Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Molecular Nature of Matter
- Gases and Its Characteristics
- Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas
- Law of Equipartition of Energy
- Specific Heat Capacities - Gases
- Mean Free Path
- Equation of State of a Perfect Gas
- Work Done in Compressing a Gas
- Interpretation of Temperature in Kinetic Theory
- Kinetic Theory of Gases - Concept of Pressure
- Assumptions of Kinetic Theory of Gases
- RMS Speed of Gas Molecules
- Degrees of Freedom
- Avogadro's Number
- The Gas Laws
- Kinetic Energy (K)
- Speed of Gas
Oscillations and Waves
- Introduction of Oscillations
- Periodic and Oscillatory Motion
- Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.)
- Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion
- Velocity and Acceleration in Simple Harmonic Motion
- Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion
- Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
- Some Systems Executing Simple Harmonic Motion
- Damped Simple Harmonic Motion
- Forced Oscillations and Resonance
- Displacement as a Function of Time
- Periodic Functions
- Oscillations - Frequency
- Wave Motion
- Transverse Waves and Longitudinal Waves
- Displacement Relation for a Progressive Wave
- The Speed of a Travelling Wave
- Principle of Superposition of Waves
- Reflection of Waves
- Introduction of Reflection of Waves
- Standing Waves and Normal Modes
- Beats
- Doppler Effect
- Interference
Electrostatics
- Introduction to Electrostatics
- Electric Charges
- Conductors and Insulators
- Charging by Induction
- Basic Properties of Electric Charge
- Coulomb’s Law - Force Between Two Point Charges
- Superposition Principle of Forces
- Superposition Principle - Forces Between Multiple Charges
- Electric Field
- Electric Field Due to a System of Charges
- Physical Significance of Electric Field
- Electric Field Lines
- Electric Flux
- Electric Dipole
- Dipole in a Uniform External Field
- Continuous Distribution of Charges
- Gauss’s Law
- Applications of Gauss’s Law
- Electric Field Due to a Point Charge
- Uniformly Charged Infinite Plane Sheet and Uniformly Charged Thin Spherical Shell (Field Inside and Outside)
- Electrostatic Potential
- Potential Due to a Point Charge
- Potential Due to an Electric Dipole
- Potential Due to a System of Charges
- Equipotential Surfaces
- Relation Between Electric Field and Electrostatic Potential
- Potential Energy of a System of Charges
- Potential Energy in an External Field
- Potential Energy of a Single Charge
- Potential Energy of a System of Two Charges in an External Field
- Potential Energy of a Dipole in an External Field
- Electrostatics of Conductors
- Dielectrics and Polarisation
- Capacitors and Capacitance
- The Parallel Plate Capacitor
- Effect of Dielectric on Capacity
- Combination of Capacitors
- Energy Stored in a Capacitor
- Electric Potential Energy
- Work Done in Carrying a Charge
- Grouping of Capacitor
Current Electricity
- Electric Current
- Electric Currents in Conductors
- Ohm's Law (V = IR)
- Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity
- Limitations of Ohm’s Law
- Resistivity of Various Materials
- Temperature Dependence of Resistance
- Electrical Energy
- Electrical Power
- Combination of Resistors - Series and Parallel
- Cells, Emf, Internal Resistance
- Kirchhoff’s Rules
- Wheatstone Bridge
- Metre Bridge
- Potentiometer
- V-I Characteristics (Linear and Non-linear)
- Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity
- Resistivity of Various Materials
- Combination of Cells in Series and in Parallel
- Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Cells, Thermo e.m.f. Electrolysis
Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
- Magnetic Force
- Motion in a Magnetic Field
- Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
- Velocity Selector
- Cyclotron
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current Element, Biot-Savart Law
- Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop
- Ampere’s Circuital Law
- Solenoid and the Toroid - the Toroid
- Solenoid and the Toroid - the Solenoid
- Force Between Two Parallel Currents, the Ampere
- Torque on a Current Loop in Magnetic Field
- Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Force on a Current - Carrying Conductor in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Force on a Moving Charge in Uniform Magnetic and Electric Fields
- Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole and Its Magnetic Dipole Moment
- The Bar Magnet
- Magnetism and Gauss’s Law
- The Earth’s Magnetism
- Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
- Magnetic Properties of Materials
- Permanent Magnet and Electromagnet
- Hysteresis Loop
- Force and Torque on Current Carrying Conductor
- Properties of magnetic lines of force
- Magnetic Moment
- Magnetic Properties
- Magnetic Equipment
Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
- Electromagnetic Induction
- The Experiments of Faraday and Henry
- Magnetic Flux
- Faraday’s Law of Induction
- Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy
- Motional Electromotive Force (e.m.f.)
- Energy Consideration: a Quantitative Study
- Eddy Currents
- Inductance
- Mutual Inductance
- Self Inductance
- A.C. Generator
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor
- Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors - Phasors
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit
- Power in AC Circuit: the Power Factor
- LC Oscillations
- Transformers
- Peak and Rms Value of Alternating Current Or Voltage
- Reactance and Impedance
- Alternating Currents
- Power in AC Circuit: the Power Factor
- Motional and Static EMI and Application of EMI
- Voltage and Power
- AC Circuits
- LCR Circuit
- Quality and Power Factor
Electromagnetic Waves
- Introduction of Electromagnetic Waves
- Displacement Current
- Electromagnetic Waves
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Applications of e.m. waves
- Transverse Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
Optics
- Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors
- Refraction
- Total Internal Reflection
- Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and Lenses
- Refraction at Spherical Surfaces
- Refraction by a Lens
- Combination of Thin Lenses in Contact
- Power of a Lens
- Refraction Through a Prism
- Some Natural Phenomena Due to Sunlight
- Optical Instruments
- Optical Instruments: Simple Microscope
- Optical Instruments: Compound Microscope
- Optical Instruments: Telescope
- Huygens' Principle
- Reflection and Refraction of Plane Wave at Plane Surface Using Huygens' Principle
- Refraction of a Plane Wave
- Refraction at a Rarer Medium
- Reflection of a Plane Wave by a Plane Surface
- The Doppler Effect
- Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves
- Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment
- Diffraction of Light
- Fraunhofer Diffraction Due to a Single Slit
- Polarisation
- Ray Optics - Mirror Formula
- Dispersion of Light Through Prism and Formation of Spectrum
- Young's Double Slit Experiment and Expression for Fringe Width
- Coherent and Incoherent Sources and Sustained Interference of Light
- Resolving Power of Microscope and Astronomical Telescope
- Width of Central Maximum
- Lens Formula
- Magnification
- Brewster's Law
- Polaroids
- Plane Mirror
- Spherical Mirrors
- Reflection of Light
- Total Internal Reflection
- Power of a Lens
- Dispersion of Light Through Prism and Formation of Spectrum
- Resolving Power
Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
- Dual Nature of Radiation
- Electron Emission
- The Photoelectric Effect
- Photoelectric Effect - Hertz’s Observations
- Photoelectric Effect - Hallwachs’ and Lenard’s Observations
- Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
- Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light
- Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation
- Particle Nature of Light: The Photon
- Wave Nature of Matter
- Davisson and Germer Experiment
- Dual Behaviour of Matter: De Broglie's relationship
- Cathode and Positive Rays
- Photoelectric Effect X-rays
Atoms and Nuclei
- Introduction of Atoms
- Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
- Atomic Spectra
- Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom
- Energy Levels
- The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom
- De Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation
- Hydrogen Spectrum
- Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus
- Size of the Nucleus
- Mass-energy and Nuclear Binding Energy
- Mass - Energy
- Nuclear Binding Energy
- Atomic Mass, Mass - Energy Relation and Mass Defect
- Nuclear Force
- Radioactivity
- Introduction of Radioactivity
- Law of Radioactive Decay
- Alpha Decay
- Beta Decay
- Gamma Decay
- Nuclear Energy
- Introduction of Nuclear Energy
- Nuclear Fission
- Nuclear Reactor
- Nuclear Fusion – Energy Generation in Stars
- Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion
- Structure of an Atom
- Mass-Energy Equivalence and Nuclear Reactions
Electronic Devices
- Introduction to Semiconductors
- Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors
- Intrinsic Semiconductor
- Extrinsic Semiconductor
- p-n Junction
- Semiconductor Diode
- Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier
- Special Purpose P-n Junction Diodes
- Zener Diode as a Voltage Regulator
- Digital Electronics and Logic Gates
- Junction Transistor
- Transistor Action
- Transistor and Characteristics of a Transistor
- Transistor as an Amplifier (Ce-configuration)
- Feedback Amplifier and Transistor Oscillator
Communication Systems
- Communication Systems
- Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves
- Need for Modulation and Demodulation
- Modulation and Its Necessity
- Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave
- Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave
- Frequency Modulation (FM)
- Bandwidth of Signals
- Bandwidth of Transmission Medium
- Elements of a Communication System
- Basic Terminology Used in Electronic Communication Systems
- Satellite Communication
- Introduction
- Types of Unit System
Introduction:
A unit system is a standard set of units used to measure different physical quantities like length, mass, time, temperature, etc. These units help us to express and compare measurements accurately. Different systems of units are used in science, engineering, and daily life.
| Physical Quantity | M.K.S. | C.G.S. |
|---|---|---|
| Mass | Kilogram | Gram |
| Distance | Metre | Centimetre |
| Time | Second | Second |
| Speed | Metre/second | Centimetre/second |
Types of Unit System:
| Unit System | Distance (Length Unit) | Mass Unit | Time Unit | Other Units | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MKS System (Metre-Kilogram-Second) | Metre (m) | Kilogram (kg) | Second (s) | Commonly used in science and engineering for larger quantities | Height of a building in meters, speed of a car in meters per second |
| CGS System (Centimetre-Gram-Second) | Centimetre (cm) | Gram (g) | Second (s) | Used for smaller-scale measurements in certain scientific fields | Size of small objects like insects in centimeters |
|
The SI System (International System of Units) has seven base units: meter, second, mole, ampere, kelvin, candela and kilogram. |
Metre (m) | Kilogram (kg) | Second (s) | Ampere (A) for electric current, Kelvin (K) for temperature, and mole (mol) for amount of substance | Temperature measured in kelvin, electric current in amperes. |
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