Science SSLC (English Medium) Class 10 Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Syllabus 2024-25

• Introduction to Scientist
• Motion and Rest

• Combined Forces
• Inertia and Mass
• Activity

• Linear or translational motion
• Rotational motion

• Moment of a force
• Turning effect of a force
• Factors affecting the turning of a body
• Unit of moment of force
• Clockwise and anticlockwise moments 
• Common examples of moment of force

• Moment of Force Or Torque
• Unit of moment of force
• Application of Torque

• Principle of moments
• Verification of principle of moments

• Couple
• Moment of couple

• Law of Conservation of Momentum
• Principle and Application

• Newton’s Law of Gravitation
• Gravitational Constant (G)
• Effects of Newton’s Law of Gravitation
• Centre of Mass and Gravity

• Introduction
• Value of g on the Surface of the Earth
• Variation in the Value of g

• Introduction
• Activity 1
• Activity 2
• Activity 3

• Laws of Reflection
• Experiment

• Dispersion of Light Through a Prism
• Newton’s Disc and the Colours of Light
• Wavelength and Speed of Light in Different Media
• Activity 1
• Activity 2
• Activity 3

• Scattering of Light
• Types of Scattering of Light

1. Elastic scattering
2. Inelastic scattering
   (a) Rayleigh scattering
   (b) Rayleigh’s scattering law
   (c) Mie scattering
   (d) Tyndall scattering
   (e) Raman scattering

• Lens and its Types
• Cross-Sections of Convex and Concave Lenses

• Introduction
• Basic Lens Terminology
• Principal Focus (F) and Focal Length (f)
• Experiment

• Introduction
• Applications
• Activity

• Rules for Image Formation by a Convex Lens
• Experiment
• Images formed by convex lenses for different positions of the object

• Introduction
• Applications

• Rules for Image Formation by a Concave Lens
• Image Formation by a Concave Lens

• Introduction
• Derivation of Lens Formula

• General Rules of Cartesian Sign Convention
• Sign Convention for Mirrors
• Sign Convention for Lenses

• Structure and Components
• Photoreceptors and Eye Muscles

• Image Formation and Light Control
• Vision Range and Optical Properties

• Myopia and Its Causes
• Types and Symptoms of Myopia
• Myopia Correction and Treatment

• Hypermetropia and Its Causes
• Types and Symptoms of Hypermetropia
• Hypermetropia Correction and Treatment

• Presbyopia and Its Causes
• Symptoms of Presbyopia
• Presbyopia Correction and Treatments

• Visual angle
• Microscopes
• Basic types of microscopes
  1) Simple Microscope
  2) Compound Microscope

• Introduction
• Working
• Function

• Optical Telescopes
• Refracting and Reflecting Telescopes
• Types of Reflecting Telescopes

• Introduction
• The Role of Space Telescopes

• Introduction
• Experiment: 1
• Experiment: 2

1. Fahrenheit scale
2. Celsius temperature scale
3. Kelvin scale (Absolute scale)

• Relationship between the three scales of temperature
• Conversion of Temperature from celsius scale to kelvin scale and vice-versa

• Gases
• Behaviour and characteristic properties of gases

1. Composition of gases
2. Gases have neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape
3. Gases exert pressure in all directions
4. Gases are highly compressible
5. Gases are highly expansible
6. Gases have low density
7. Gases have a natural tendency to mix with one another (diffusion)
8. Gases can be liquefied

• Ampere: Pioneer of Electric Current Measurement
• Electric Current

• Introduction
• Working
• Electric Circuits and Circuit Diagrams
• Experiment
• Joule’s Law of Heating and Electrical Power

• Components of Electric Circuits
• Experiment 

• Electrostatic Potential
• Potential Difference
• Experiment 1
• Experiment 2
• Experiment 3

• Introduction
• Limitations and Applications

• Resistance (R)
• Cause of resistance
• Factors affecting the resistance of a conductor

• Electrical Resistivity
• Unit of specific resistance
• Factors affecting the specific resistance
• Conductance and Conductivity

• Electric power

• Power-voltage rating
• Power of electrical appliances connected in parallel
• Power of electrical appliances connected in series
• Power in mixed combination of cells
• Practical units of electric energy in terms of power

• Units of electrical power

• Local earthing
• Safety by the local earthing
• Earthing of an appliance
• Safety by earthing of an appliance

• Introduction
• Sound waves

• Difference between the sound and light waves
• Comparison of speed of sound with speed of light
• Consequences of the large difference in the speed of sound and that of light

• Introduction
• Activity

• Factors Affecting Speed of Sound in a Gas

1. Effect of density
2. Effect of temperature
3. Effect of humidity
4. Effect of direction of the wind

• Introduction
• Speed of Sound in Gases

• Laws of Reflection
• Experiment

• Introduction
• Uses of multiple reflection of sound
• Experiment

• Discovery of Radioactivity
• Radioactive Substances
• Types of Radiation Emitted by Radioactive Substances

• Types of Radioactivity

1. Natural Radioactivity
2. Artificial (or) Induced Radioactivity

• Nuclear Fusion
• Conditions necessary for nuclear fusion
• Stellar Energy
• Hydrogen Bomb

• Introduction
• Uses of Radioactive Isotopes

• Introduction of Nuclear Reactor
• Components of a Nuclear Reactor
• Heat Removal and Energy Conversion

• Safety Precautions While Using Nuclear Energy

1. Safety measures. while establishing a nuclear power plant
2. Safety measures while handling radioactive material
3. Safety measures in the safe disposal of nuclear waste

• Nuclear Energy
• Production of electricity from Nuclear energy
• Atomic power stations in India

• Introduction of Atom
• Discovery of Charged Particles and the Structure of an Atom

• Introduction of Atomic Mass
• Properties of Mass Number
• Determination of Relative Atomic Mass

• Molecule
• Properties of molecule

• Concept of Mole
• Quantities Related on Mole Concept and Their Formula
• Experiment

• Percentage composition
• Chemical formula
  1) Empirical formula
  2) Molecular formula
• Steps involved in determining the empirical formula
• Steps for determination of the molecular formula of a compound

• Relative molecular mass (Hydrogen scale)
• Vapour Density

• Introduction
• Periodic Trends

• Introduction
• Metallurgical Process

• Pulverization
• Concentration of an ore
• Types of separation or concentration of an ore

1. Hydraulic (gravity separation) method or Levigation method
2. Magnetic separation method
3. Froth floatation
4. Chemical method or Leaching
5. Wilfley table method

• Introduction
• General Properties of Metals
• Experiment

• Aluminium
• Physical Properties of Aluminium
• Chemical Properties of Aluminium
• Uses of Aluminium

• Introduction
• Types of Alloy
• Advantages of Alloy

• Purpose of making alloys
• Reasons for alloying
• Method of making alloys

• Corrosion
• Experiment
• Rusting Process and Corrosion Effect

• Definition
• Solution
• Properties of Solution

• Different Types of Solutions:

1. Supersaturated solution
2. Unsaturated solution
3. Saturated solution
4. Aqueous solution
5. Non-aqueous solution
6. Dilute solution
7. Concentrated solution

• Solubility
• Factors affecting solubility

1. Nature of the solute and solvent
2. Effect of Temperature
3. Effect of Pressure

• Solubility curves can be used
• Determination of the solubility of a solute at a particular temperature 
• Effect of pressure and temperature on solubility of gases in water (liquids) 

• Reactions in solutions

1. Mass percentage
2. Mole fraction
3. Molarity
4. Molality
5. Volume percentage

• Efflorescence
• Deliquescence
• Hygroscopy

• Introduction
• Types of Chemical Reaction
• Experiment

• Introduction
• Writing a Chemical Equation
• Experiment

• Introduction
• Steps to Balance a Chemical Equation (Hit-and-Trial Method)

• pH Scale
• Importance of pH in Everyday Life

• Introduction of Indicator
• Types of Indicators
• Concept of pH scale
• Reactions
• Experiment: 1
• Experiment: 2

• Introduction
• Occurrence of Carbon
• Characteristics of Carbon

• Organic Compounds of Carbon
• Inorganic Compounds of Carbon
• Comparison between organic and inorganic compounds

• Organic compound
• Sources of organic compounds
• Characteristics of Organic compound
• Types of organic Compound

• Acyclic or Open chain compounds

1. Saturated
2. Unsaturated

• Cyclic Compounds

1. Alicyclic compounds
2. Aromatic compounds

• Hydrocarbons

1. Alkanes
2. Alkenes
3. Alkynes

• Chemical Tests to distinguish between Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes

• Introduction
• Properties of Covalent Compounds
• Saturated Hydrocarbons
• Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

• Functional Groups
• Types of Functional Groups
• Role of Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

• Homologous Series in Organic Chemistry
• Examples of Homologous Series

• Common Naming System
• IUPAC Nomenclature

• Physical Properties
• Chemical Properties
• Uses and Significance
• Experiment

• Physical Properties
• Chemical Properties
• Experiment 1
• Experiment 2
• Experiment 3
• Uses and Significance

• Introduction
• Types of Soaps
• Synthetic Detergents
• Experiment

• Detergent and Its Working
• Experiment

• Introduction
• Differences Between Plant and Animal Tissues

1. Epidermal tissue system
2. Ground tissue system
3. Vascular tissue system

• Introduction to Tissue System, Types and Characteristics of tissue System

• Chlorophyll
• Chloroplasts
• Too much light destroys chlorophyll

• Blackman - Law of limiting factors
• Factors affecting photosynthesis

1. External Factors:
   1) Availability of sunlight
   2) Temperature
   3) Water
   4) Humidity
   5) CO₂ Concentration [atmospheric]
   6) O₂ availability
2. Internal Factors:
   1) Number of leaves
   2) Size of leaves
   3) Leaf age
   4) Orientation of leaves
   5) Mesophyll cells and chloroplasts
   6) Internal CO₂ concentration
   7) Anatomy of leaf

• Cellular respiration
• Types of cellular respiration

1. Aerobic Respiration
2. Anaerobic Respiration

• Aerobic respiration in plant/animal
• Anaerobic respiration in plant/animal
• Differences in anaerobic respiration in plants and animals

• Glycolysis
• Glycolysis Pathway

• Oxidative Phosphorylation
• Oxidative Phosphorylation Steps

• TCA Cycle (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle)
• Steps of TCA Cycle

• Fermentation
• Process of Fermentation
• Types of Fermentation

1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
2. Alcohol Fermentation
3. Acetic acid Fermentation
4. Butyric acid Fermentation

• Advantages of Fermentation

• Root
• Root Hair
• Structure of root hair

• Pathway of water across the root
• Two ways of Pathway of water

1. Apoplast pathway
2. Symplast pathway: Vacuolar and Transmembrane

• Guttation

• Path of translocation

1. Vertical translocation 
2. Lateral translocation

• Mechanism of sugar transport through phloem

1. Root Pressure Theory (Vital Theory)
2. Capillarity theory (physical force theory)
3. Cohesion-tension theory (Transpiration pull theory)
4. Adhesion

• Introduction
• Components of Blood

• Blood Circulatory System
• Blood vascular system
• Blood Composition
• Blood Coagulation (Clotting)

• Structure of the Heart
• Layers of the Heart Wall
• Chambers of the Heart
• Valves of the Heart
• Pathway of Blood through the Heart

• Blood Vessels: Structure and Functions
• Capillaries

• Blood Circulation through Heart / Functioning of Heart
• Experiment

• Types of Closed Circulation:

1. Single circulation
2. Double circulation
   - Systemic circulation
   - Pulmonary circulation
   - Coronary circulation

• Hepatic Portal System

• Heartbeat Rate
• Heart Sounds
• Pulse
• Pulse Rate

• Cardiac Cycle
• Atrial systole (AS)
• Ventricular systole (VS)
• Cardiac output (CO)

• Human Blood Groups
• Rh Factor
• Blood Donation
• Blood Banks
• Blood Donor
• Blood Recipient

• Lymph and Lymphatic System
• Composition of Lymph
• Functions of Lymph

• Introduction
• Components of Nervous System
• Neuron
• Need of Nervous System

• The major division of The Nervous System

1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

• Somatic Nervous System
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Components of the nervous system at a glance

• Central Nervous System
• Different regions of Brain and its functions

Forebrain: 

1. Olfactory lobes
2. Cerebrum
3. Diencephalon

• Spinal Cord 
• T. S. of spinal cord
• Functions of the spinal cord

• Reflexes
• Types of actions

1. Voluntary actions 
2. Involuntary actions

• Peripheral Nervous System
• Types of PNS

Chemical Coordination

1. Autocrine 
2. Paracrine 
3. Endocrine 
4. Pheromone 

• Plant Hormones
• Types of Plant Hormones

• Auxins
• Physiological effects and applications of auxin

• Cytokinin
• Physiological effects and applications of cytokinin

• Gibberellins
• Physiological effects and application of Gibberellins

• Abscisic Acid
• Physiological effects and application of ABA

• Ethylene
• Physiological effects and application of ethylene

Human Endocrine System

• Properties of Hormones 
• Mechanism of hormone action 

• Introduction
• Reproduction in Plants
• Importance of Variation
• Reproduction in Lower and Higher Animals
• Organisms Create Copies of Themselves

Mode of Reproduction in Plant:

1. Asexual reproduction

2. Sexual reproduction

• Asexual reproduction in plant

• Different modes of asexual reproduction in plant

1. Fragmentation
2. Budding
3. Spore formation
4. Binary fission
5. Conidia formation
6. Gemma formation

• Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
• Stages of Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
  (i) Pre-fertilisation events
  (ii) Double fertilisation
  (iii) Post-fertilisation events

• Abiotic Agents
• Biotic Agents

• Double Fertilization 
• Significance of Double Fertilization 
• Syngamy and Triple Fusion

• Gametogenesis

1. Spermatogenesis
2. Structure of human spermatozoan
3. Oogenesis
4. Structure of ovum

• Menstrual Cycle (Ovarian Cycle)
• Phases menstrual cycle

1. Menstrual phase
2. Follicular or proliferative phase
3. Ovulatory phase
4. Luteal or secretory phase

• Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) Programme
  - Goals of RCH Programmes

• Family Planning and welfare
• Aspects of Family welfare
• Methods of contraception

1. Hormonal Methods (Pills)
2. Barrier Methods
   (a) Condom
   (b) Diaphragms
   (c) Sperm-killing (spermicidal) agents
3. Intra-Uterine Devices (IUDs)
4. Surgical methods
   (a) Tubectomy (for female)
   (b) Vasectomy (in male) 
5. Induced Abortion or Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)

• Personal Hygiene
• Major aspect of personal hygiene

1. Cleanliness
2. Physical exercise
3. Rest and sleep
4. Healthy habits

• Genes
• Genetic
• Genetic Terminology

1. Character
2. Trait
3. Factor
4. Gene
5. Alleles or Allelomorphs
6. Dominant
7. Recessive
8. Phenotype
9. Genotype
10. Homozygous (pure)
11. Heterozygous
12. Pure line 
13. Monohybrid
14. F₁ generation
15. F₂ generation
16. Punnett square/ Checkerboard
17. Homologous Chromosomes 
18. Back cross
19. Test cross
20. Phenotypic ratio
21. Genotypic ratio
22. Monohybrid cross
23. Dihybrid cross

• Monohybrid Cross
• Representation of a Gene

• Mendel’s Principles of Heredity
• Mendelian inheritance - Mendel’s Laws of Heredity

• Discovery of Chromosomes
• Chromosomes
• Variation in Chromosome Number (ploidy)
• Structure of a Chromosome

• The Discovery of DNA
• Introduction of DNA
• Composition of DNA
• Genes: The Functional Units of Heredity
• Seeds of Technology

• Functions of DNA:

1. Heterocatalytic function
2. Autocatalytic function

Process of semicoservative replication 

• Activation of Nucleotides 
• Point of Origin or Initiation point 
• Unwinding of DNA molecule 
• Replicating fork 
• Synthesis of new strands 
• Leading and Lagging strand 
• Formation of daughter DNA molecules

 Sex Determination

1. Sex Determination in human beings 
2. Sex Determination in birds 
3. Sex Determination in honey bees  

• Types of mutation
• Mutagenic agents
• Chromosomal mutations

• Origin of life
• Theories of origin of life

1. Big Bang Theory
2. Theory of Panspermia
3. Theory of Spontaneous Generation or Abiogenesis
4. Theory of Biogenesis
5. Theory of Chemical Origin
6. Urey and Miller's experiment

• Chemical Evolution of Life (Self-assembly Theory of the Origin of Life)

1. Origin of Earth and Primitive atmosphere
2. Formation of ammonia, water, and methane
3. Formation of simple organic molecules
4. Formation of complex organic molecules
5. Formation of Nucleic acids
6. Formation of Protobionts or Procells
7. Formation of first cell
   - Urey and Miller’s Experiment
   - RNA World Hypothesis

• Evidence for Biological evolution:

1. Paleontological evidence
2. Evidence from Morphological and anatomical evidence
3. Embryological evidence
4. Molecular evidence
5. Evolution by natural selection (Industrial melanism)
6. Evolution by anthropogenic

• Variation
• Types of Variation

1. Somatic variation
2. Germinal variation: Continuous and Discontinuous variation

• Relationship between Mutation and Variation

• Stem Cell Preservation
• Stem cell research
• Embryonic stem cells
• Adult stem cells
• Uses of Stem Cells
  1) Regenerative Therapy
  2) Organ Transplantation

• DNA Fingerprinting Technique
• Steps involved in DNA finger printing
• Application of DNA fingerprinting

• Drugs, Tobacco, and Alcohol Use- An Invitation to Death
• Effects of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
• Prevention and Control of Drug Abuse

• Tobacco Consumption
• Ill Effects of Tobacco Addiction
• The Importance of Avoiding Tobacco

• Alcohol Consumption
• Effect of Alcohol Addiction
• Prevention and Control of Alcohol

• Introduction of Diabetes
• Reasons for Developing Diabetes
• Preventive Measures

• Introduction of Heart Diseases
• Common Reasons for a Heart Attack
• First Aid for Heart Disease
• Treatment of Heart Diseases

• Introduction of Cancer
• Differences between normal cell and cancer cell
• Causes of cancer
• Cancer detection and diagnosis
• Treatment of cancer
• Scope of Immunology

• Introduction
• Some Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Other diseases of the Reproductive Tract

• Introduction of Protecting our environment
• Importance of Managing Our Resources

• Forest Biology
• Forest Biodiversity

1. Crown
2. Canopy
3. Understorey

• Forest Ecosystem
• Spatial pattern: Stratification and zonation

• Introduction
• The Formation of Fossil Fuels
• Application of Fossil Fuels

• Coal
• Petroleum
• Natural Gas

• Solar Energy
• Production of electricity from solar energy
• Solar photovoltaic cell
• Application of solar energy
• Solar Thermal power plant

• Solar Cells
• Uses of Solar cells
• Solar Panel
• Solar Cooker
• Solar thermal power plant
• Advantages of Solar Energy

• Biogas plant
• Biomass
• Gobar gas

• Introduction
• Hydroelectricity and its Production
• Application of Hydroelectric Energy

• Tidal Energy
• Wave Energy
• Ocean Thermal Energy

• Scratch
• Scratch Interface
• sprite