JEE Main Physics (JEE Main) Syllabus 2025 PDF Download
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JEE Main Physics (JEE Main) Syllabus 2025
The JEE Main Physics (JEE Main) Syllabus for the JEE Main 2025 is available by the National Testing Agency. The JEE Main Physics (JEE Main) Syllabus is available for review from the link below. The JEE Main 2025 Physics (JEE Main) syllabus defines and describes each unit covered on the JEE Main 2025 Physics (JEE Main) exam.
Academic year:
B.E./B.Tech. Physics (JEE Main) Revised Syllabus
B.E./B.Tech. Physics (JEE Main) and their Unit wise marks distribution
Units and Topics
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Syllabus
1 Physics and Measurement
- What is Physics?
- What is Physics?
- Two thrusts in physics : Unification and Reductionism
- Scope and Excitement of Physics
- Physics Related to Technology and Society
- Fundamental Forces in Nature
- Gravitational Force
- Electromagnetic Force
- Strong Nuclear Force
- Weak Nuclear Force
- Towards Unification of Forces
- Nature of Physical Laws
- How do physical laws come into existence?
- Conservation laws in physics
1. Law of conservation of energy
2. Law of conservation of linear momentum
3. Law of conservation of angular momentum
4. Law of conservation of charge
- Physical Quantities
- Introduction
- Types of Physical Quantities
- Unit and Its Types
- Units
- Types of units : Fundamental and Derived units
- Unit Systems
- Introduction
- Types of Unit System
- International System of Units (Si System)
- Unit Prefixes
- Measurement of Length
- Length
- Units of length
- SI Unit of length
- Subunit of metre
- Multiple units of metre
- Measurements of large distance:
(i) Parallax Method: Parallax or parallactic angle (θ) - Method of measuring very small distances (Size of molecules)
- Range of Lengths
- Measurement of Mass
- Rage of Mass
- Measurement of Time
- Accuracy, Precision and Least Count of Measuring Instruments
- Accuracy of measuring instruments
- Precision of measuring instruments
- Least count for various instruments
- Zero error: Negative and Positive zero error
- Errors in Measurements
- Types of errors in measurement:
- Systematic errors
(i) Instrumental errors
(ii) Error due to imperfection in experimental technique
(iii) Procedural errors
(iv) Personal errors - Random errors
- Least count error
- Absolute error
- Mean absolute error
- Relative error or fractional error
- Percentage error
- Combination of percentage errors
(a) Error of a sum or a difference
(b) Error of a product or a quotient
(c) Error in case of a measured quantity raised to a power
- Significant Figures
- Order of magnitude
- Significant figures
- Addition and subtraction of significant figures
- Multiplication and division of significant figures
- Rules for limiting the result to the required number of significant figures
- Rules for arithmetic operations with significant figures
- Rounding-off in the measurement
- Dimensions of Physical Quantities
- Dimensional Formulae and Dimensional Equations
- Dimensional Analysis and Its Applications
- Dimensional analysis
- Applications of dimensional analysis
- Limitations of dimensional analysis
- Dimensions, units, formulae of some quantities
- Checking the Dimensional Consistency of Equations
- Deducing Relation among the Physical Quantities
2 Kinematics
- Introduction to Kinematics
- Position, Path Length and Displacement
- Position - Frame of reference and Reference point
- Distance (Path length)
- Displacement
- Position - Time Graph
- Speed and Velocity
- Uniform and Non-uniform Motion
- Average Speed and Instantaneous Velocity
- Uniformly Accelerated Motion
- Graphical Representation of Motion
- Velocity - Time Graphs
- Velocity-time graph for uniform velocity
- Velocity-time graph for uniform acceleration
- Velocity - Time Graphs
- Relations for Uniformly Accelerated Motion (Graphical Treatment)
- Scalars and Vectors
- Scalars
- Vectors
- Position vector
- Displacement vector
- Resultant vector
- Types of Vectors
- Some important types of vectors:
- Equal vectors
- Negative vector
- Zero vector
- Co-initial vectors
- Collinear vectors
- Coplanar vectors
- Localised vector
- Non-localised vector
- Polar vectors
- Axial vectors
- Unit vector
- Addition and Subtraction of Vectors - Graphical Method
- Addition of vectors
- Vector addition by rectangular components
- Graphical and analytical method
- Triangle law of vector addition
- Parallelogram law of vector addition
- Polygon law of vector addition
- Subtraction of vectors
- Vector Addition – Analytical Method
- Scalar (Dot) and Vector (Cross) Product of Vectors
- Resolution of Vectors
- Resolution of a Vector
- Unit Vector
- Relative Velocity
- Motion in a Plane
- Motion in a plane
- Two-dimensional motion
- Motion with uniform velocity
- Displacement vector
- Velocity
- Equation of motion of an object
- Equation of path
- Motion with uniform acceleration in a plane
- Displacement in uniformly accelerated motion
- Equation of motion of an object
- Projectile Motion
- Projectile
- Projectile Motion
- Equation of path of a projectile
- Oblique projectile
- Time of flight
- Maximum height of a projectile
- Horizontal range
- Horizontal projectile
- Trajectory of horizontal projectiie
- Instantaneous velocity of horizontal projectile
- Direction of instantaneous velocity
- Time of flight
- Horizontal range
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Uniform and Non-Uniform Circular Motion
- Activity
- Uniform Circular Motion and Centripetal Force
- Experiment
- Variables in Circular Motion
- Motion Under Gravity
- Motion in a Plane with Constant Acceleration
- Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions
3 Laws of Motion
- Introduction to Laws of Motion
- Aristotle’s Fallacy
- The Law of Inertia
- Newton’s Laws of Motion
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Momentum
- Balanced and Unbalanced Force
- Experiment
- Newton's Second Law of Motion
- Momentum and Its Relation to Force
- Newton’s Second Law of Motion
- Activity
- Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Newton’s Third Law of Motion
- Newton's Third Law: Action and Reaction Forces
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Conservation of Momentum
- Conservation of linear momentum
- Law of conservation of linear momentum
- Applications of the law of conservation of linear momentum
- Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum and Its Applications
- Equilibrium of a Particle
- Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces
- Common Forces in Mechanics
- Friction
- Rolling Friction
- Circular Motion and Its Characteristics
- Kinematics of Circular Motion
- Dynamics of Circular Motion (Centripetal Force and Centrifugal Force)
- Centripetal force (CPF)
- Centrifugal force (c.f.f.)
- Static and Kinetic Friction
- Laws of Friction
- Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion - Centripetal Force
- Solving Problems in Mechanics
- Motion of Connected Bodies, Pulley and Equilibrium of Forces
- Friction
- Friction
- Static friction
- Kinetic friction
- Types of kinectic friction
1) Sliding friction
2) Rolling friction - Laws of friction
- Coefficient of static friction
- Coefficient of kinetic friction
- Angle of Friction
- Angle of Repose
- Application of Angle of Repose
- Advantages and disadvantages of friction
- Methods to Reduce Friction
- Lubrication
- Motion of a body on an inclined plane
- Banking of Roads
4 Work, Energy, and Power
- Introduction of Work, Energy and Power
- The Scalar Product
- Notions of Work and Kinetic Energy: the Work-energy Theorem
- Work-Energy Theorem
- Energy
- Kinetic Energy (K)
- Introduction to Kinetic Energy
- Expression for Kinetic Energy
- Potential Energy (U)
- Introduction to Potential Energy
- Expression for Potential Energy
- Kinetic Energy (K)
- Concept of Work
- Introduction of Work
- Work Done at Different Angles and Its Characteristics
- Work Done by a Constant Force and a Variable Force
- Work done by a constant force
- Work done by a variable force
1) Mathematical treatment
2) Graphical method
- The Work-energy Theorem for a Variable Force
- Conservation of Mechanical Energy
- Conservation of mechanical energy
- Principle of conservation of Energy
- Conservative forces
- Non-conservative forces
- Potential Energy of a Spring
- Various Forms of Energy : the Law of Conservation of Energy
- Heat
- Chemical Energy
- Electrical Energy
- The Equivalence of Mass and Energy
- Nuclear Energy
- The Principle of Conservation of Energy
- Power
- Introduction of Power
- Commercial Units of Energy
- Collisions
- Collisions
- Features of collision
- Types of collisions
1) Elastic collision
2) Inelastic collision - Coefficient of restitution
- Collisions in One Dimension - Elastic collision in one dimension, Inelastic collision in one dimension
- Collisions in Two Dimensions - Elastic collision in two dimensions, Inelastic collision in two dimensions
- The Concept of Energy
5 Rotational Motion
- Centre of Mass of Two-particle System
- Centre of Mass of a Rigid Body
- Basic Concepts of Rotational Motion
- Vector and Cartesian Equations of a Line
- Moment of a Force
- Torque and Angular Momentum
- Moment of a Force (Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body)
- Angular Momentum and Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum and Its Applications
- Moment of force (Torque)
- Angular momentum of a particle
- Torque and angular momentum for a system of particles
- conservation of angular momentum
- Moment of Inertia
- Moment of inertia
- Radius of gyration
- Physical significance of radius of gyration
- Values of Moments of Inertia for Simple Geometrical Objects (No Derivation)
- Theorems of Perpendicular and Parallel Axes
- Theorem of Perpendicular Axes
- Theorem of Parallel Axes
- Application of perpendicular and parallel axes theorem on different regular bodies
- Rigid Body Rotation
- Equations of Rotational Motion
- Centre of Gravity
- Centre of Gravity
- Centre of gravity of some regular uniform objects
- Centre of gravity and the balance point
- Determination of centre of gravity of an irregular lamina by the method of balance using a plumb line
- Real-Life Applications of Centre of Gravity
- Principle of Moments
- Principle of moments
- Verification of principle of moments
- Angular Displacement
- Velocity and Acceleration in Simple Harmonic Motion
- Couple and Its Torque
- To prove that the moment of a couple is independent of the axis of rotation
- Rolling Motion
- Kinetic Energy of Rolling Motion
- Rolling motion on an inclined plane
- Rotational K.E.
6 Gravitation
- Introduction to Gravitation
- Kepler’s Laws
- Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
- Kepler’s First Law: The Law of Ellipses
- Kepler’s Second Law: The Law of Equal Areas
- Kepler’s Third Law: The Law of Harmonies
- Kepler’s Laws and Newton’s Explanation
- Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
- Newton’s Law of Gravitation
- Gravitational Constant (G)
- Effects of Newton’s Law of Gravitation
- Centre of Mass and Gravity
- The Gravitational Constant
- Universal gravitation constant
- Value of G
- Acceleration Due to Gravity of the Earth
- Variation of g with altitude, depth and latitude
- Acceleration Due to Gravity Below and Above the Earth's Surface
- Variation of g with altitude
- Variation of g with depth
- Graph of g, R and d
- Acceleration Due to Gravity and Its Variation with Altitude and Depth
- Gravitational Field
- Gravitational Potential Energy
- Introduction
- Escape Velocity
- Escape Speed
- Earth Satellites
- Projection of Satellite
- Weightlessness in a Satellite
- Time Period of a Satellite
- Binding Energy of an orbiting satellite
- Energy of an Orbiting Satellite
- Geostationary and Polar Satellites
- Geostationary Satellites
- Polar Satellites
- Weightlessness
- Weightlessness Condition in Orbit
- Escape Velocity
- Orbital Velocity of a Satellite
- Motion of Satellites
7 Properties of Solids and Liquids
- Introduction of Properties of Solids and Liquids
- Elastic Behaviour of Solid
- Deforming force
- Elasticity
- Factors affecting elasticity
1) Hammering and rolling
2) Annealing
3) Impurity
4) Temperature - Elastic limit
- Elastic fatigue
1) Elastic fatigue
2) Due to elastic fatigue
3) Elastic after-effect
- Stress and Strain
- Stress
- Types of stress
1) Longitudinal stress: Tensile stress and Compressive stress
2) Hydraulic or volume stress
3) Shear or tangential stress
4) Breaking stress - Strain
- Types of strain
1) Longitudinal (tensile or linear) strain
2) Volume strain
3) Shear strain
- Hooke’s Law
- Stress-strain Curve
- Elastic Moduli
- Young’s Modulus
- Determination of Young’s Modulus of the Material of a Wire
- Shear Modulus or Modulus of Rigidity
- Bulk Modulus
- Poisson’s Ratio
- Lateral strain
- Poisson's ratio
- Elastic Potential Energy in a Stretched Wire
- Application of Elastic Behaviour of Materials
- Pressure
- Pascal’s Law
- Thrust and Pressure
- Variation of Pressure with Depth
- Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure
- Hydraulic Machines
- Streamline and Turbulent Flow
- Streamline flow
- Laminar flow
- Turbulent flow
- Bernoulli's Equation
- Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
- Applications of Bernoulli's theorem
- Action of atomiser
- Blowing of roofs by wind storms
- Venturimeter
- Blood Flow and Heart Attack
- Dynamic Lift
(a) Ball moving without spin
(b) Ball moving with spin
(c) Aerofoil or lift on aircraft wing
- Torricelli's Law
- Viscous Force or Viscosity
- Viscosity
- Newton's law of viscosity
- Coefficient of viscosity
- Applications of coefficient of viscosity
- Stoke's Law
- Surface Tension
- Surface Tension
- Force due to surface tension
- Factors affecting surface tension
1) Nature of liquid
2) Impurities
3) Temperature
4) Electrification - Applications of surface tension
- Surface Energy
- Surface Tension and Surface Energy
- Surface Tension
- Surface Energy
- Relation between the surface energy and surface tension
- Angle of Contact
- Angle of contact
- Characteristics of angle of contact
- Factors affecting angle of contact (θ)
i) Nature of solid and liquid in contact
ii) Impurities
iii) Inclination
iv) Temperature - Shape of liquid meniscus
- Shape of liquid drop
- Drops and Bubbles
- Shape of liquid drop
- Excess pressure
- Some surfaces with their excess pressure
- Capillary Rise
- Detergents and Surface Tension
- Heat and Temperature
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Measurement of Temperature
- Ideal-gas Equation and Absolute Temperature
- Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Areal Expansion
- Volume expansion
- Relation between Coefficients of Expansion
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Introduction
- Specific Heat Capacity of Different Substances
- Experiment
- Calorimetry
- Calorimetry
- Principle of calorimetry
- Temperature of mixture in different cases
- Change of State - Latent Heat Capacity
- Change of State - Latent Heat Capacity
- latent heat of fusion, latent heat of vaporisation (Lv)
- Heat Transfer
- Conduction
- Thermal Conductivity
- Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity
- Thermal Resistance (RT)
- Applications of Thermal Conductivity
- Convection
- Applications of Convection
- Free and Forced Convection
- Radiation
- Conduction
- Conduction
- Temperature gradient
- Thermal Conductivity: Coefficient of thermal conductivity
- Thermal resistance
- Series combination of conductors
- Parallel combination of conductors
- Applications of conductivity in everyday life
- Convection
- Convection: Convection currents
- Natural convection
- Forced convection
- Radiation
- Radiation
- Thermal radiation
- Relation between a, r and t
- Athermanous and diathermanous substances
- Greenhouse effect
- Blackbody Radiation
- Qualitative Ideas of Black Body Radiation
- Perfectly black body
- Ferry's black body
- Spectrum of black body radiation in terms of wavelength
- Wien's Displacement Law
- Green House Effect
- Green House Effect
- Green House gases
- Newton’s Law of Cooling
- Newton's law of cooling
- Graphical representation
- Applications
- Factors affecting the rate of cooling
- Limitations of Newton's law of cooling
- Reynold's Number
- Work Done in Stretching a Wire
- Terminal Velocity
- Capillarity and Capillary Action
- Capillary action
- Ascent formula
- Capillary fall
- Capillary rise
- Expression for capillary rise or fall
- Method (I): Using pressure difference
- Method (II): Using forces
- Fluid Flow
- Thermometer and Its Types
- Thermometer and its working
- Types of Thermometers
8 Thermodynamics
- Introduction of Thermodynamics
- Thermal Equilibrium
- Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat, Internal Energy and Work
- Heat
- Internal Energy
- Work: P-V diagrams
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- First law of thermodynamics
- Formulation of first law of thermodynamics
- First law of thermodynamics for various processes
- Isothermal process
- Adiabatic process
- Isochoric process
- Isobaric process
- Justification
- Mathematical expression
- Some useful conclusions are drawn from the law
- Limitations
- Expressions for the work done by an ideal gas under different conditions
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Introduction
- Specific Heat Capacity of Different Substances
- Experiment
- Thermodynamic State Variables and Equation of State
- Thermodynamic Equilibrium
1) Mechanical equilibrium
2) Chemical equilibrium
3) Thermal equilibrium - Equation of state
- Thermodynamic state variables
1) Extensive variables
2) Intensive variables
- Thermodynamic Equilibrium
- Thermodynamic Process
- Thermodynamic Process
- Work Done During a Thermodynamic Process
- Heat Added During a Thermodynamic Process
- Isothermal Processes
- Adiabatic Processes
- Heat Engine
- Heat engine
- Source
- Working substance
- Sink
- Working
- Efficiency of heat engine
- Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
- Refrigerator: Heat Flow from a Colder Region to a Hotter Region
- Source
- Working substance
- Sink
- Working
- Performance of a Refrigerator
- Air conditioner
- Heat Pump
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Clausius' Statement
- Kelvin Planck's Statement
- Entropy
- Reversible and Irreversible Processes
- Second Law of Thermodynamics - Reversible and Irreversible Processes
- Carnot Engine
- Carnot Engine
- Carnot cycle
i) Isothermal expansion
ii) Adiabatic expansion
iii) Isothermal compression
iv) Adiabatic compression
9 Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Introduction of Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Perfect (ideal) and real gases
- Molecular Nature of Matter
- mean free path
- Gases and Its Characteristics
- Gases
- Behaviour and characteristic properties of gases
- Composition of gases
- Gases have neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape
- Gases exert pressure in all directions
- Gases are highly compressible
- Gases are highly expansible
- Gases have low density
- Gases have a natural tendency to mix with one another (diffusion)
- Gases can be liquefied
- Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas
- Pressure of an Ideal Gas
- Kinetic Interpretation of Temperature
- Law of Equipartition of Energy
- Law of equipartition of energy
- Energy of a system of the degree of freedom (f)
- Specific Heat Capacities - Gases
- Applications of the law of equipartition of energy for specific heat capacity
- Monatomic Gases
- Diatomic Gases
- Triatomic Gases
- Specific Heat Capacity of Solids
- Specific Heat Capacity of Water
- Mean Free Path
- Free path
- Mean free path
- Equation of State of a Perfect Gas
- Ideal gas equation (Equation of state)
- Other forms of equation of state
- Van der Waal's gas equation
- Universal gas constant
- Gas laws
- Boyle's law
- Charles' law
- Gay Lussac's law
- Avogadro's law and number
- Work Done in Compressing a Gas
- Interpretation of Temperature in Kinetic Theory
- Kinetic energy of gas
- Different forms of K.E. of gas
- Relation between K.E. and temperature of the gas
- Kinetic Theory of Gases - Concept of Pressure
- Pressure exerted by the gas on the wall of a container
- Molecular density of gas
- Dalton's Law of partial pressures
- Assumptions of Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Assumptions of kinetic theory of gases
- Based on Nature of gas molecules
- Based on motion of gas molecules
- RMS Speed of Gas Molecules
- Speed of gaseous molecules
- Mean speed
- Mean square speed
- Root mean square speed
- Maxwell distribution function
- Degrees of Freedom
- Degrees of freedom
- Degrees of freedom of mono, di, and triatomic gases
1) Monoatomic gas
2) Diatomic gas
3) Triatomic gas
4) Polyatomic gas - Degrees of freedom for different gases at room temperature
- Avogadro's Number
- The Gas Laws
- The Gas Laws
- Standard variables for gas laws
- The volume (V)
- The pressure (P)
- The temperature (T)
- Energy
- Kinetic Energy (K)
- Introduction to Kinetic Energy
- Expression for Kinetic Energy
- Kinetic Energy (K)
- Speed of Gas
10 Oscillations and Waves
- Introduction of Oscillations
- Periodic and Oscillatory Motion
- Periodic Motion
- Oscillatory motion
- Some important terms in periodic motion
- Displacement as a function of time
- Periodic functions
- Fourier theorem
- Period and frequency
- Displacement
- Time Period
- Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.)
- Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.)
- Equation of S.H.M
1) Equation of displacement - Phase: Initial phase or epoch or phase constant, Phase angle
- S.H.M. as a projection of UCM
2) Equation of velocity
3) Equation of acceleration
4) Equation of time period
5) Equation of frequency
- Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion
- reference particle, reference circle
- Velocity and Acceleration in Simple Harmonic Motion
- Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion
- Oscillations of a spring
- Spring pendulum
- Oscillations of combinations of spring
- Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
- Energy in S.H.M. Kinetic and Potential Energies
- Energy of S.H.M
- Graphical representation of energy (E) versus displacement for a particle performing S.H.M. from mean position
- Graphical representation of energy (E) versus period of S.H.M. (T) for a particle performing S.H.M. from mean position
- Some Systems Executing Simple Harmonic Motion
- Simple pendulum
- Effect of the density of medium on time period of simple pendulum
- Oscillations due to a Spring - Restoring Force and Force Constant
- Effect of viscosity of medium
- Effect of temperature
- Some special cases of simple pendulum: Second's pendulum
- Various types of S.H.M:
1) S.H.M of a liquid in U- shaped tube
2) S.H.M of a floating cylinder
3) S.H.M of a small ball rolling down in hemispherical bowl
- Damped Simple Harmonic Motion
- damping constant
- Forced Oscillations and Resonance
- Free, Forced and Damped Oscillations
- resonance
- Small Damping, Driving Frequency far from Natural Frequency
- Driving Frequency Close to Natural Frequency
- Displacement as a Function of Time
- Periodic Functions
- Oscillations - Frequency
- Wave Motion
- Wave motion
- Characteristics of wave motion
- Mechanical waves
- Types of Mechanical waves
1) Transverse waves
2) Longitudinal waves - Difference between transverse waves and longitudinal waves
- Transverse Waves and Longitudinal Waves
- Displacement Relation for a Progressive Wave
- Simple harmonic progressive wave
- Characteristics of Simple Harmonic (SH) Progressive wave
- Relation between phase difference, path difference and time difference
- Amplitude and Phase
- Wavelength and Angular Wave Number
- Period, Angular Frequency and Frequency
- The Speed of a Travelling Wave
- Speed of a Transverse Wave on Stretched String
- Speed of a Longitudinal Wave Speed of Sound
- Principle of Superposition of Waves
- Superposition principle
- Some important terms
1) Phase
2) Phase difference
3) Path difference - Resultant amplitude due to superposition
- Resultant intensity due to superposition
- Reflection of Waves
- Introduction of Reflection of Waves
- Reflection of waves
- Reflection of a transverse waves from
- Reflection of a longitudinal wave from
- Echo
- Standing Waves and Normal Modes
- Stationary Waves (Standing waves)
- Stationary waves are of two types: Longitudinal and Transverse stationary waves
- Nodes
- Antinodes
- Characteristics of stationary waves
- Difference between progressive waves and stationary waves
- Terms related to the application of stationary waves: Note, Tone, Fundamental note and fundamental frequency, Harmonics, Overtones, Octave, Unison, Resonance.
- Standing Waves in Strings
- Harmonics and overtone
- Laws of vibrating string
1) Law of length
2) Law of mass
3) Law of density
4) Law of tension - Organ Pipes: Closed and Open Organ Pipe
- End correction
- Energy in a standing wave
- Fundamental Mode and Harmonics
- fundamental mode or the first harmonic, second harmonic
- Introduction of Reflection of Waves
- Beats
- Analytical method to determine beat frequency
- Applications of beats
- Doppler Effect
- Musical Sound
- Source Moving and Listener Stationary
- Listener Approaching a Stationary Source with Velocity vL
- Both Source and Listener are Moving
- Common Properties between Doppler Effect of Sound and Light
- Major Differences between Doppler Effects of Sound and Light
- Effect of wind velocity on Doppler's effect in sound
- Applications of Doppler's effect
- Interference
11 Electrostatics
- Introduction to Electrostatics
- Electric Charges
- Point charge
- Test charge
- Conductors and Insulators
- Conductors
- Insulators (Non-Conductors)
- Charging by Induction
- Basic Properties of Electric Charge
- Additive Nature of Charge
- Quantization of Charge
- Conservation of Charge
- Forces between Charges
- Coulomb’s Law - Force Between Two Point Charges
- Scalar form of Coulomb’s Law
- Relative Permittivity or Dielectric Constant
- Definition of Unit Charge from the Coulomb’s Law
- Coulomb’s Law in Vector Form
- Superposition Principle of Forces
- Superposition Principle - Forces Between Multiple Charges
- Superposition principle
- Forces between multiple charges
- Electric Field
- Electric Field Intensity due to a Point Charge in a Material Medium
- Practical Way of Calculating Electric Field
- Electric Lines of Force
- Electric field intensity
- Electric Field Due to a System of Charges
- Physical Significance of Electric Field
- Electric Field Lines
- Electric Flux
- Electric Flux
- Tube of force
- Tube of induction
- Normal Electric Induction (NEI)
- Total Normal Electric Induction (TNEI)
- Electric Dipole
- The field of an electric dipole
- The physical significance of dipoles
- Couple Acting on an Electric Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field
- Electric Intensity at a Point due to an Electric Dipole
- Electric dipole moment (p)
- Electric field intensity·due to an electric dipole at a point on its axial line
- Electric field intensity due to an electric dipole at a point on the equatorial line
- Electric field intensity at a general point due to short electric dipole
- Dipole in a Uniform External Field
- Torque on a Dipole in Uniform Electric Fleld
- Work of an electric dipole
- Continuous Distribution of Charges
- Continuous distribution of charges
- Types of charge distribution
1) Linear charge distribution
2) Surface charge distribution
3) Volume charge distribution
- Gauss’s Law
- Applications of Gauss’s Law
- Statement of Gauss'S Theorem and Its Applications to Find Field Due to Infinitely Long Straight Wire
- Field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire
- Field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
- Field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell - Field outside the shell, Field inside the shell
- Electric Field Due to a Point Charge
- Uniformly Charged Infinite Plane Sheet and Uniformly Charged Thin Spherical Shell (Field Inside and Outside)
- Electrostatic Potential
- Potential Due to a Point Charge
- Electric Potential Due to Point Charge
- Potential Due to an Electric Dipole
- Potential Due to a System of Charges
- system of charges
- Equipotential Surfaces
- Equipotential surface
- Properties of equipotential surface
- Shapes of equipotential surface due to various charge distributions
- Relation Between Electric Field and Electrostatic Potential
- Potential Energy of a System of Charges
- Potential Energy in an External Field
- Potential Energy of a Single Charge
- Potential Energy of a System of Two Charges in an External Field
- Potential Energy of a Dipole in an External Field
- Electrostatics of Conductors
- Inside a conductor, electrostatic field is zero
- At the surface of a charged conductor, electrostatic field must be normal to the surface at every point
- The interior of a conductor can have no excess charge in the static situation
- Electrostatic potential is constant throughout the volume of the conductor and has the same value (as inside) on its surface
- Electric field at the surface of a charged conductor
- Electrostatic shielding
- Dielectrics and Polarisation
- Dielectrics
- Types of dielectrics
1) Polar dielectrics
2) Non-polar dielectrics - Electric polarisation
- Dielectric constant
- Electric susceptibility of dielectric
- Capacitors and Capacitance
- Capacitance
- Redistribution of charges and concept of common potential
- Capacitance of an isolated spherical conductor
- Capacitor
- Principle of a capacitor
- Types of capacitor
1) Parallel plate capacitor
2) Spherical capacitor
3) Cylindrical capacitor - Applications of capacitors
- The Parallel Plate Capacitor
- Effect of Dielectric on Capacity
- Combination of Capacitors
- Combination of Capacitors in Series and in Parallel
- Wheatstone's bridge of capacitors
- Energy Stored in a Capacitor
- Electric Potential Energy
- Work Done in Carrying a Charge
- Grouping of Capacitor
12 Current Electricity
- Electric Current
- Ampere: Pioneer of Electric Current Measurement
- Electric Current
- Electric Currents in Conductors
- Ohm's Law (V = IR)
- Introduction
- Limitations and Applications
- Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity
- Drift velocity
- Relaxation time
- Mobility of electron
- Relation of drift velocity with current
- Limitations of Ohm’s Law
- Temperature Dependence of Resistance
- Temperature dependence of resistance
- Electrical Energy
- Introduction
- Applications of Electrical Energy
- Storage of Electrical Energy
- Electrical Power
- Electric power
- Power-voltage rating
- Power of electrical appliances connected in parallel
- Power of electrical appliances connected in series
- Power in mixed combination of cells
- Practical units of electric energy in terms of power
- Units of electrical power
- Combination of Resistors - Series and Parallel
- Cells, Emf, Internal Resistance
- E.M.F. and Internal Resistance of Cell
- Kirchhoff’s Rules
- Kirchhoff's law
- Kirchhoff's first law or Kirchhoff's current law (KCL)
- Kirchhofrs second law or Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL)
- Applications of Kirchhoff's law
- Wheatstone’s bridge
- Meter bridge
- Potentiometer
- Comparison of emf of two cells with a potentiometer
- Measurement of internal resistance of a cell by potentiometer
- Wheatstone Bridge
- Wheatstone bridge
- Balanced bridge
- Unbalanced bridge
- Different Measuring Instruments
- Metre Bridge
- Metre bridge or slide-wire bridge
- Applications of metre bridge
- Measurement of unknown resistance (S)
- Comparison of two unknown resistances
- Measurement of unknown temperature
- Measurement of unknown resistance of a galvanometer (Kelvin's method)
- Potentiometer
- Potentiometer Principle
- Applications to measure potential difference
- To Compare emf. of Cells
- To Find Internal Resistance (r) of a Cell
- Application of potentiometer
- Voltage Divider
- Audio Control
- Potentiometer as a senor
- Advantages of a Potentiometer Over a Voltmeter
- Merits
- Demerits
- V-I Characteristics (Linear and Non-linear)
- Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity
- Electrical resistivity (specific resistance)
- Conductivity
- Resistivity of Various Materials
- Carbon resistors
- Colour code for carbon resistors
- Combination of Cells in Series and in Parallel
- Combination of cells in series and parallel
1) Series combination of cells
⇒ Cells of different e.m.f's and internal resistances connected in series
⇒ For n identical cells in series (Assisting mode)
2) Parallel combination of cells
⇒ For n identical parallel cells
3) Mixed combination of cells
- Combination of cells in series and parallel
- Effects of Electric Current
- Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Introduction
- Joule’s Law of Heating
- Applications
- Units of Power and Energy
- Safety Measures and Overloading
- Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Cells, Thermo e.m.f. Electrolysis
13 Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
- Magnetic Force
- Motion in a Magnetic Field
- Helical motion of Charges Particles and Aurora Borealis
- Force on moving charge in uniform magnetic field
- Force on a charged particle in an electric field
- Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
- Lorentz Force Equation
- Velocity Selector
- Cyclotron
- Cyclotron
- Principle
- Construction
- Working
- Limitations
- Uses
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current Element, Biot-Savart Law
- Biot Savart’s Law
- Some important features of Biot Savart's law
- Its application to the current carrying circular loop
- Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop
- Ampere’s Circuital Law
- Ampere's Law and Its Applications to Infinitely Long Straight Wire
- Magnetic field due to the current carrying wire of infinite length using Ampère’s law
- Magnetic field due to a long current carrying solenoid
- Toroid
- Solenoid and the Toroid - the Toroid
- Solenoid and the Toroid - the Solenoid
- Force Between Two Parallel Currents, the Ampere
- Definition of Ampere
- Force Between Two Parallel Current-carrying Conductors
- Roget's Spiral For Attraction Between parallel currents
- Torque on a Current Loop in Magnetic Field
- Torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform magnetic field
- Circular current loop as a magnetic dipole
- The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron
- Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Moving Coil Galvanometer Conversion to Voltmeter and Ammeter
- Moving Coil Galvanometer Current Sensitivity
- Types of Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Suspended type MCG: Principle, Construction
- Pivoted type MCG
- Sensitivity of MCG
- Current sensitivity (Si)
- Voltage Sensitivity (Sv)
- Factors affecting the sensitivity of MCG
- Accuracy of MCG
- Conversion of MCG into ammeter
- Conversion of MCG into voltmeter
- Force on a Current - Carrying Conductor in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Force on a Moving Charge in Uniform Magnetic and Electric Fields
- Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole and Its Magnetic Dipole Moment
- The Bar Magnet
- The magnetic field lines
- Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
- The dipole in a uniform magnetic field
- The electrostatic analog
- Magnetic potential
- Magnetism and Gauss’s Law
- Gauss law of magnetism
- The Earth’s Magnetism
- Earth's magnetic field
- Important terms
1) Geographic axis
2) Geographic meridian
3) Geographic equator
4) Magnetic axis
5) Magnetic meridian
6) Magnetic equator - Effects of Earth's magnetic field
- Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
- Magnetisation
- Magnetic Intensity
- Relation between permeability and susceptibility
- Magnetic Properties of Materials
- Classification of magnetic material: Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, Ferromagnetic
- Atomic theory of magnetism
- Magnetism on the basis of electron theory
1) Diamagnetism
2) Paramagnetism
3) Ferromagnetism
- Permanent Magnet and Electromagnet
- Permanent magnet
- Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths
- Difference between Permanent magnet and electromagnet
- Advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet
- Hysteresis Loop
- Force and Torque on Current Carrying Conductor
- Properties of magnetic lines of force
- Magnetic Moment
- Magnetic Properties
- Magnetic properties:
- Magnetising field
- Magnetic permeability
- Intensity of magnetisation
- Magnetic induction or total magnetic field
- Magnetic susceptibility
- Substances can be classified into five categories:
- Paramagnetic
- Diamagnetic
- Ferromagnetic
- Antiferromagnetic
- Ferrimagnetic
- Magnetic Equipment
14 Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Introduction
- Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
- Application
- The Experiments of Faraday and Henry
- Faraday's Experiments
1) Coil and magnet experiment
2) Coil and coil experiment
- Faraday's Experiments
- Magnetic Flux
- Faraday’s Law of Induction
- Laws of Electromagnetic Induction or Faraday's Laws of Induction
1) First law
2) Second Law
- Laws of Electromagnetic Induction or Faraday's Laws of Induction
- Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy
- Lenz's Law
- Motional Electromotive Force (e.m.f.)
- Translational motion of a conductor
- Motional emf in a rotating bar
- Energy Consideration: a Quantitative Study
- Eddy Currents
- Eddy Current
- Drawbacks
- Applications
1) Dead-beat galvanometer
2) Electric-brakes
3) Induction furnace
4) Speedometer
5) Energy meter
6) Induction motor
- Inductance
- Mutual Inductance
- Mutual Induction
- Factors affecting mutual inductance (M)
- Relation between M, L1, and L2.
- Two coils in series
- Two coils in parallel
- Self Inductance
- Self Induction
- Factors affecting self inductance (L)
- Mutual Inductance
- A.C. Generator
- A.C. Generator (A. C. dynamo)
- Principle of A.C. generator
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor
- Graph of e and i versus ωt
- Phasor diagram for a purely resistive load
- Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors - Phasors
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
- Graph of e and i versus ωt
- Phasor diagram for purely inductive circuit
- Inductive Reactance (XL)
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor
- Graph of e and i versus ωt
- Phasor diagram for the purely capacitive circuit
- Capacitive Reactance
- Comparison between resistance and reactance
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit
- LCR Series Circuit
- Phasor-diagram solution
- Analytical solution
- Resonance - Sharpness of resonance
- LC Oscillations
- Transformers
- Transformer
- Principle of transformer
- Efficiency of transformer (η)
- Losses in transformer
1) Cu loss (I2R)
2) Eddy current loss
3) Hysteresis loss
4) Magnetic flux leakage
5) Humming losses
- Peak and Rms Value of Alternating Current Or Voltage
- Reactance and Impedance
- Alternating Currents
- Alternating current
- Terms Related to alternating current
- Instantaneous value
- Peak value
- Mean value or average value
- Mean square value
- Root mean square (r.m.s) value
- Peak to peak value
- Form factor and peak factor
- Impedance (Z)
- Reactance (X): Inductive and Capacitive reactance
- Admittance (Y)
- Susceptance (S): Inductive and Capacitive susceptance
- Conductance
- Power in AC Circuit: the Power Factor
- Power in A.C. Circuits
- Power Factor
- Wattless Current
- Instantaneous power
- Average power
- Virtual power
- Choke Coil
- Motional and Static EMI and Application of EMI
- Voltage and Power
- AC Circuits
- LCR Circuit
- Quality and Power Factor
15 Electromagnetic Waves
- Introduction of Electromagnetic Waves
- Displacement Current
- Need for displacement current
- Ampere-Maxwell's circuital law
- Displacement current
- Conduction current
- Origin of electromagnetic waves
- Maxwell's equations
1) Gauss' law in electrostatics
2) Gauss' law in magnetism
3) Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction
4) Ampere - Maxwell's law
- Electromagnetic Waves
- Sources of electromagnetic waves: Hertz's experiment
- Nature of electromagnetic waves
- Speed of electromagnetic waves
- Production and properties of electromagnetic waves
- Electromagnetic Waves and Their Characteristics
1) Energy density
2) Poynting vector
3) Momentum
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Electromagnetic spectrum (Discovered by, Wavelength range, Production, Detection, Characteristics, applications
- Gamma rays (γ-rays)
- X-rays
- Ultraviolet rays (UV rays)
- Visible light
- Infrared rays
- Microwaves
- Radio waves
- Approximate ranges of wavelength and frequency
- Properties common to all the electromagnetic waves
- Applications of e.m. waves
- Transverse Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
16 Optics
- Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors
- Sign convention
- Focal length of spherical mirrors
- The mirror equation
- Refraction
- Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and Lenses
- Refraction at Spherical Surfaces
- Refraction at spherical surfaces
- Refraction from rarer to denser medium
- Refraction from denser medium to rarer medium
- Refraction by a Lens
- Combination of Thin Lenses in Contact
- Equivalent lens (Two thin lenses placed in contact)
- Combination of a lens and a mirror:
⇒ Effect of silvering, one of the refracting surfaces of a lens - Defects in lenses
1) Chromatic aberration
2) Spherical aberration
⇒ Methods to reduce spherical aberrations in lenses
3) Coma
4) Curvature
- Refraction at Spherical Surfaces
- Refraction Through a Prism
- Some Natural Phenomena Due to Sunlight
- Mirage
- Rainbow
- Optical Instruments
- Optical Instruments: Simple Microscope
- Near point focusing
- Normal focusing
- Resolving power of microscope
- Resolving power of telescope
- Optical Instruments: Compound Microscope
- Magnification in compound microscope
- Optical Instruments: Telescope
- Astronomical telescope and Magnification in astronomical telescope
- Terrestrial telescope
- Reflecting telescope
- Huygens' Principle
- Wavefront
- Wave normal
- Wave surface
- Huygens' Principle
- Spherical Wavefront
- Plane Wavefront
- Cylindrical wavefront
- Reflection and Refraction of Plane Wave at Plane Surface Using Huygens' Principle
- Refraction of a Plane Wave
- Refraction of light
- Laws of refraction
- Snell's law
- Refraction of plane wave from a plane surface
- Refraction at a Rarer Medium
- Reflection of a Plane Wave by a Plane Surface
- Reflection at plane surface
- Laws of reflection
- The Doppler Effect
- Doppler effect in light
- Red Shift and Blue Shift
- Refraction of a Plane Wave
- Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves
- Coherent and Incoherent Waves
- Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment
- Young's Double Slit Experiment and Expression for Fringe Width or Young’s Experiment
- Young's double-slit experiment: set up, diagram, geometrical deduction of path difference ∆x = dsinθ, between waves from the two slits
- Using ∆x = nλ for bright fringe and ∆x = (n + ½)λ for dark fringe and sin θ = tan θ = yn/D as y and θ are small, obtain yn = (D/d)nλ and fringe width β = (D/d)λ.
- Graph of distribution of intensity with angular distance.
- Diffraction of Light
- Diffraction of light
- Examples of diffraction of light
- Resolving Power of Microscope and Astronomical Telescope
- Resolution of images
- Rayleigh's criterion for resolution
- Resolving the power of an optical instrument
- Resolving power of microscope
- Resolving power of telescopes
- Fraunhofer Diffraction Due to a Single Slit
- Single slit Fraunhofer diffraction (elementary explanation only)
- Formulae based comparison between secondary maxima and minima
- Diffraction at a single slit: experimental setup, diagram, diffraction pattern, obtain an expression for the position of minima, a sinθn = nλ, where n = 1, 2, 3 … and conditions for secondary maxima, asinθn = (n + ½)λ.
- Distribution of intensity with angular distance
- Diffraction at plane grating
- Diffraction due to circular aperture
- Comparison between interference and diffraction
- Fresnel distance
- Polarisation
- Method of producing polarised light
- Polarisation by reflection
- By Dichroism
- By double refraction
- Nicol prism
- By scattering
- Uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids
- Ray Optics - Mirror Formula
- Young's Double Slit Experiment and Expression for Fringe Width
- Young's double-slit experiment (YDSE)
- Expression for fringe width from YDSE
- Shift of fringes
- Coherent and Incoherent Sources and Sustained Interference of Light
- Coherent sources
- Incoherent sources
- Sustained interference pattern
- Conditions necessary to obtain sustained (steady) interference pattern
- Width of Central Maximum
- Lens Formula
- Introduction
- Derivation of Lens Formula
- Magnification
- Brewster's Law
- Polaroids
- Polaroids
- Preparation of polaroids
- Polarising action of polaroids
- Uses of polaroids (plane polarised light)
- Mirrors
- Plane Mirror
- Introduction
- Reflection Formation in a Plane Mirror
- Activity
- Experiment
- Relation Between Mirror Height and Full Image Formation
- Spherical Mirrors
- Introduction
- Activity
- Plane Mirror
- Reflection of Light
- Introduction
- Activity
- Experiment
- Total Internal Reflection
- Total Internal Reflection
- Essential conditions for the total internal reflection
- Total internal reflection in nature - optical fibres
- Rainbow production
- Refraction and total internal reflection of light rays at different angles of incidence
- Consequences of total internal refraction
- Applications of total internal reflection
- Power of a Lens
- Dispersion of Light Through Prism and Formation of Spectrum
- Dispersion of Light Through a Prism
- Newton’s Disc and the Colours of Light
- Wavelength and Speed of Light in Different Media
- Activity 1
- Activity 2
- Activity 3
- Resolving Power
- Rayleigh’s Criterion for Limit of Resolution (or for Resolving Power)
- Resolving Power of a Microscope
- Resolving Power of a Telescope
17 Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
- Dual Nature of Radiation
- Electron Emission
- Electron emission
- Thermionic emission
- Field emission
- Photoelectric emission
- The Photoelectric Effect
- Experimental Set-up of Photoelectric Effect
- Observations from Experiments on Photoelectric Effect
- Failure of Wave Theory to Explain the Observations from Experiments on Photoelectric Effect
- Einstein’s Postulate of Quantization of Energy and the Photoelectric Equation
- Dual behaviour of electromagnetic spectrum
- Photoelectric Effect - Hertz’s Observations
- Photoelectric Effect - Hallwachs’ and Lenard’s Observations
- Hertz and Lenard's Observations
- Hallwach and Lenard's Experiment
- Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
- Effect of frequency on the photoelectric current: Threshold frequency, Threshold wavelength
- Effect of intensity of light on the photoelectric current
- Effect of potential difference on photoelectric current
- Effect of photometals on stopping potential
- Laws of photoelectric emission
- Photoelectric cell: Construction, Working, and Applications of photocell
- Failure of wave theory of light to explain photoelectric effect
- Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light
- Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation
- Einstein's photoelectric equation
- Work function (Φ)
- Particle Nature of Light: The Photon
- Characteristics of photon
- Wave Nature of Matter
- Matter waves
- De Broglie wave relation
- De Broglie wavelength of an electron
- Ratio of de Broglie wavelengths of photon and electron
- Davisson and Germer Experiment
- Towards Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
- Dual Behaviour of Matter: De Broglie's relationship
- Cathode and Positive Rays
- Photoelectric Effect X-rays
18 Atoms and Nuclei
- Introduction of Atoms
- Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
- Alpha-particle Scattering Experiment and Rutherford's Model of Atom
- Alpha-particle trajectory
- Electron orbits
- Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom (mathematical theory of scattering excluded), based on Geiger - Marsden experiment on α-scattering; nuclear radius r in terms of closest approach of α particle to the nucleus,
obtained by equating ∆K = ½ mv2 of the α particle to the change in electrostatic potential energy ∆U of the system `"U" = (2e xx "Ze")/(4πε_0r_0) r_0 ∼ 10^(-15) "m" = 1` fermi; atomic structure; only general qualitative ideas, including atomic number Z, Neutron number N and mass number A.
- Atomic Spectra
- Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom
- Explanation of the line spectrum of hydrogen using Bohr theory
- Bohr's theory and atomic spectrum of hydrogen
- Ionization energy
- Energy Levels
- The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom
- De Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation
- Spectra of Multi Electron and Quantum Mechanics
- Hydrogen Spectrum
- Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus
- Composition and Size of Nucleus
- Size of the Nucleus
- Mass-energy and Nuclear Binding Energy
- Mass - Energy
- Nuclear Binding Energy
- Binding Energy per Nucleon and Its Variation with Mass Number
- Atomic Mass, Mass - Energy Relation and Mass Defect
- Atomic Mass
- Mass-Energy Relation
- Mass Defect
- Packing fraction
- Nuclear Force
- Radioactivity
- Discovery of Radioactivity
- Radioactive Substances
- Types of Radiation Emitted by Radioactive Substances
- Radioactivity
- Introduction of Radioactivity
- Alpha Decay
Alpha Particles Or Rays and Their Properties
- Beta Decay
Beta Particles Or Rays and Their Properties
- Gamma Decay
- Gamma Particles Or Rays and Their Properties
- Law of Radioactive Decay
- Nuclear Energy
- Introduction of Nuclear Energy
- Nuclear Fission
- Nuclear Reactor
- Nuclear Fusion – Energy Generation in Stars
- Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion
- Structure of an Atom
- Mass-Energy Equivalence and Nuclear Reactions
19 Electronic Devices
- Introduction to Semiconductors
- Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors
- Classification of solid on the basis of conductivity
- Conductors
- Insulators
- Semiconductors
- On the basis of energy bands
- Intrinsic Semiconductor
- Intrinsic Semiconductors
- Holes in Semiconductors
- Extrinsic Semiconductor
- Doping
- Types of doping
1) Pentavalent dopants
2) Trivalent dopants - Extrinsic semiconductors
- Types of Extrinsic semiconductors
1) n-type semiconductor
2) p-type semiconductor - The conductivity of semiconductors (σ)
- Charge neutrality of extrinsic semiconductors
- p-n Junction
- p-n junction
- Formation of p-n junction
- Semiconductor Diode
- Semiconductor Diode
- Potential barrier at the junction diode
- Biasing of the p-n junction diode
1) Forward biasing
2) Reverse biasing - V-I Characteristics of a p-n junction diode
1) p-n junction diode under forward bias: Cut-off or knee voltage
2) p-n junction diode under reverse bias: Breakdown voltage
3) Reverse Breakdown: Zener breakdown, Avalanche breakdown - Dynamic Resistance
- Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier
- p-n junction Diode as rectifier
- Half-wave rectifier: Circuit connections, Working, Input/output waveforms, Disadvantages
- Full-wave rectifier: Circuit connections, Working, Input/output waveforms, Disadvantages
- Filters: Input/output waveforms, Comparison between half-wave rectifier and full-wave rectifier
- Special Purpose P-n Junction Diodes
- Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes: Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
- characteristics of Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
- Zener diode
- Optoelectronic junction devices - Photodiode, Light emitting diode, Solar cell
- Zener Diode as a Voltage Regulator
- Zener diode
- I-V characteristics of Zener diode
- Zener diode as voltage regulator
- Line regulation in Zener diode
- Load regulation in Zener diode
- Ratings of a Zener diode
- Digital Electronics and Logic Gates
- Logic Gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR)
- Logic gates - NOT gate, OR Gate, AND Gate, NAND Gate, NOR Gate
- Basic Idea of Analog and Digital Signals
- Junction Transistor
- Transistor as an Amplifier (Ce-configuration)
- npn Transistor as Common Emitter Amplifier
- Various gains in amplifiers
- Comparison between CB, CE and CC amplifier
- Feedback Amplifier and Transistor Oscillator
- Transistor as an oscillator: Construction, Working
- Gain and Berkhausen's criterion
- Uses
- Transistor as an Amplifier (Ce-configuration)
- Transistor Action
- Transistor and Characteristics of a Transistor
- Configurations of a transistor
i) Common-base configuration (CB)
ii) Common-emitter configuration (CE)
iii) Common-collector configuration (CC) - Types of characteristic curves
i) Input characteristics curve
ii) Output characteristics curve
iii) Transfer characteristics curve - Transistor characteristics in CE configuration
a) Input Characteristics
b) Output characteristics of a transistor: Active region, Cut-off region, Saturation region - Different modes of operation of a transistor
- Current-transfer Characteristics
- Transistor as a switch
- Configurations of a transistor
20 Communication Systems
- Communication Systems
- Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves
- Earth's atmosphere
- Importance of radio waves in communication
- Space communication
- Ground wave propagation
- Sky wave propagation
- Space wave propagation
- Line of Sight Communication
- Need for Modulation and Demodulation
- Modulation and Its Necessity
- Carrier waves and their types: Sinusoidal signal and Pulse shaped signal
- Modulation
- Types of Modulation - frequency and amplitude
- Base Band Signals
- Factors affecting transmission of electronic signal in the audio frequency range
- Size of the antenna or aerial: Hertz and Marconi antenna
- Effective power radiated by an antenna
- Mixing up of signals from different transmitters
- Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- Production of amplitude modulated wave
- Detection of amplitude modulated wave
- Modulation index or modulation factor in amplitude modulation
- Power and current relations in amplitude modulation wave
- Applications of amplitude modulation
- Drawbacks in amplitude modulation
- Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave
- Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave
- Frequency Modulation (FM)
- Frequency modulation (FM)
- Modulation index in frequency modulation
- Frequency deviation
- Advantages of frequency modulation
- Drawbacks in frequency modulation
- Bandwidth of Signals
- Bandwidth of Signals (Speech, TV and Digital Data)
- Bandwidth of Transmission Medium
- Elements of a Communication System
- Elements of a Communication System (Block Diagram Only)
- Introduction and Modes of Communication
1) Point-to-point communication
2) Broadcast
- Basic Terminology Used in Electronic Communication Systems
- Noise, Attenuation and Amplification
- Transducer, Signal, Noise, Transmitter, Receiver, Attenuation, Amplification, Range, Bandwidth, Modulation, Demodulation, Repeater
- Satellite Communication
