NEET (UG) Physics Syllabus 2024 PDF Download
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NEET (UG) Physics Syllabus 2024
The NEET (UG) Physics Syllabus for the NEET (UG) 2024 is available by the CBSE. The NEET (UG) Physics Syllabus is available for review from the link below. The NEET (UG) 2024 Physics syllabus defines and describes each unit covered on the NEET (UG) 2024 Physics exam.
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Medical Entrance Exam Physics Revised Syllabus
Medical Entrance Exam Physics and their Unit wise marks distribution
Units and Topics
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Syllabus
Medical Entrance Exam Physics Syllabus for Chapter 1: Class 11
1 Physical World and Measurement
- What is Physics?
- What is Physics?
- Two thrusts in physics : Unification and Reductionism
- Scope and Excitement of Physics
- Physics Related to Technology and Society
- Fundamental Forces in Nature
- Gravitational Force
- Electromagnetic Force
- Strong Nuclear Force
- Weak Nuclear Force
- Towards Unification of Forces
- Nature of Physical Laws
- How do physical laws come into existence?
- Conservation laws in physics
1. Law of conservation of energy
2. Law of conservation of linear momentum
3. Law of conservation of angular momentum
4. Law of conservation of charge
- Need for Measurement
- Physical quantities
- Some physical quantities
- Types of Physical quantities
(i) Fundamental quantities
(ii) Derived quantities - Measurement
- Units of Measurement
- International System of Units
- System of unit
1) CGS system
2) MKS system
3) FPS system
4) S.I. system - S.I. unit: Length, Mass, Time, Electric Current, Temperature, Amount of substance, Luminous Intensity
- System of unit
- Fundamental and Derived Units
- Fundamental units
- Definitions of some fundamental units in SI system
- Derived units
- Practical units
- Measurement of Length
- Length
- Units of length
- SI Unit of length
- Subunit of metre
- Multiple units of metre
- Measurements of large distance:
(i) Parallax Method: Parallax or parallactic angle (θ) - Method of measuring very small distances (Size of molecules)
- Range of Lengths
- Measurement of Mass
- Rage of Mass
- Measurement of Time
- Accuracy, Precision and Least Count of Measuring Instruments
- Accuracy of measuring instruments
- Precision of measuring instruments
- Least count for various instruments
- Zero error: Negative and Positive zero error
- Errors in Measurements
- Types of errors in measurement:
- Systematic errors
(i) Instrumental errors
(ii) Error due to imperfection in experimental technique
(iii) Procedural errors
(iv) Personal errors - Random errors
- Least count error
- Absolute error
- Mean absolute error
- Relative error or fractional error
- Percentage error
- Combination of percentage errors
(a) Error of a sum or a difference
(b) Error of a product or a quotient
(c) Error in case of a measured quantity raised to a power
- Significant Figures
- Order of magnitude
- Significant figures
- Addition and subtraction of significant figures
- Multiplication and division of significant figures
- Rules for limiting the result to the required number of significant figures
- Rules for arithmetic operations with significant figures
- Rounding-off in the measurement
- Dimensions of Physical Quantities
- Dimensional Analysis and Its Applications
- Dimensional analysis
- Applications of dimensional analysis
- Limitations of dimensional analysis
- Dimensions, units, formulae of some quantities
- Checking the Dimensional Consistency of Equations
- Deducing Relation among the Physical Quantities
2 Scalars and Vectors
- Scalars and Vectors
- Scalars
- Vectors
- Position vector
- Displacement vector
- Resultant vector
- Types of Vectors
- Some important types of vectors:
- Equal vectors
- Negative vector
- Zero vector
- Co-initial vectors
- Collinear vectors
- Coplanar vectors
- Localised vector
- Non-localised vector
- Polar vectors
- Axial vectors
- Unit vector
- Resolution of Vectors
- Resolution of a Vector
- Unit Vector
- Addition and Subtraction of Vectors - Graphical Method
- Addition of vectors
- Vector addition by rectangular components
- Graphical and analytical method
- Triangle law of vector addition
- Parallelogram law of vector addition
- Polygon law of vector addition
- Subtraction of vectors
- Multiplication of Vectors by a Real Number or Scalar
- Multiplication of a vector by a real number
- Multiplication of a vector by a scalar
- Scalar (Dot) and Vector (Cross) Product of Vectors
3 Motion in One Dimension
- Introduction of Motion in One Dimension
- Physics
- Types of Physics: Kinematics and Dynamics
- Rest
- Point object
- Reference Systems
- Motion
- Types of Motion
- One Dimensional Motion
- Two Dimensional Motion
- Three Dimensional Motion
- Rest and motion are relative quantities
- Elementary Concept of Differentiation and Integration for Describing Motion
- Concept of differentiation for describing motion
- Concept of integration
- Motion in a Straight Line
- One dimensional motion
- Distance
- Displacement
- Comparison between distance and displacement
- Speed and Velocity (Average and Instantaneous)
- Speed
- Uniform speed
- Non-Uniform speed
- Average speed
- Instantaneous speed
- Velocity
- Uniform velocity
- Non-uniform velocity
- Average velocity
- Instantaneous velocity
- Comparison between average speed and average velocity
- Comparison between instantaneous speed and instantaneous velocity
- Acceleration (Average and Instantaneous)
- Acceleration
- Uniform acceleration
- Non-uniform acceleration
- Average acceleration
- Instantaneous acceleration
- Uniform and Non-uniform Motion
- Uniformly Accelerated Motion
- Position - Time Graph
- Graphical Representation of Motion
- Velocity - Time Graphs
- Velocity-time graph for uniform velocity
- Velocity-time graph for uniform acceleration
- Velocity - Time Graphs
- Relative Velocity
4 Motion in Two Dimension
- Motion in a Plane
- Motion in a plane
- Two-dimensional motion
- Motion with uniform velocity
- Displacement vector
- Velocity
- Equation of motion of an object
- Equation of path
- Motion with uniform acceleration in a plane
- Displacement in uniformly accelerated motion
- Equation of motion of an object
- Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions
- Projectile Motion
- Projectile
- Projectile Motion
- Equation of path of a projectile
- Oblique projectile
- Time of flight
- Maximum height of a projectile
- Horizontal range
- Horizontal projectile
- Trajectory of horizontal projectiie
- Instantaneous velocity of horizontal projectile
- Direction of instantaneous velocity
- Time of flight
- Horizontal range
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Uniform and Non-Uniform Circular Motion
- Activity
- Uniform Circular Motion and Centripetal Force
- Experiment
- Variables in Circular Motion
- Motion in a Vertical Circle
- Vertical Circular Motion
- Acceleration in a vertical circular motion
- Energy in a vertical circular motion
5 Laws of Motion
- Intuitive Concept of Force
- Force
- Types of forces:
1) Contact forces: Weight, normal reaction, tension, spring force, upthrust
2) Non-contact forces: Gravitational force, electromagnetic force, weak force and nuclear force
- Inertia
- Inertia
- Inertia of motion
- Inertia of rest
- Inertia of direction
- Law of Inertia
- Newton’s Laws of Motion
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Momentum
- Balanced and Unbalanced Force
- Experiment
- Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Newton’s Third Law of Motion
- Newton's Third Law: Action and Reaction Forces
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Newton’s Second Law of Motion
- Momentum
- Newton's second law of motion
- Apparent weight of a body in a lift
- Impulse of Force
- Impulse of force
- Applications of impulse
- Conservation of Momentum
- Conservation of linear momentum
- Law of conservation of linear momentum
- Applications of the law of conservation of linear momentum
- Equilibrium of a Particle
- Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces
- Equation of Motion for Different Systems
- Free-body diagram
- Friction
- Friction
- Static friction
- Kinetic friction
- Types of kinectic friction
1) Sliding friction
2) Rolling friction - Laws of friction
- Coefficient of static friction
- Coefficient of kinetic friction
- Angle of Friction
- Angle of Repose
- Application of Angle of Repose
- Advantages and disadvantages of friction
- Methods to Reduce Friction
- Lubrication
- Motion of a body on an inclined plane
- Vehicle on Curved Unbanked Road and Banked Road
- Curved unbanked road
- Motion of a vehicle on banked road
- Elevation of banked road
- Overturning of a vehicle
- Bending of a cyclist on a curved road
- Motion of a vehicle on concave and convex bridge
6 Work, Energy and Power
- Concept of Work
- Introduction of Work
- Work Done at Different Angles and Its Characteristics
- Work Done by a Constant Force and a Variable Force
- Work done by a constant force
- Work done by a variable force
1) Mathematical treatment
2) Graphical method
- Energy and Use of Energy
- Energy
- Mechanical Energy
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Kinetic Energy (K)
- Introduction to Kinetic Energy
- Expression for Kinetic Energy
- Potential Energy (U)
- Introduction to Potential Energy
- Expression for Potential Energy
- Mechanical Energy
- Types of Potential Energy
- Gravitational potential energy
- Elastic Potential Energy
- Potential Energy of a Spring
- Forms of Energy
- Work Energy Theorem
- Conservation of Mechanical Energy
- Conservation of mechanical energy
- Principle of conservation of Energy
- Conservative forces
- Non-conservative forces
- Power
- Introduction of Power
- Commercial Units of Energy
- Collisions
- Collisions
- Features of collision
- Types of collisions
1) Elastic collision
2) Inelastic collision - Coefficient of restitution
- Collisions in One Dimension - Elastic collision in one dimension, Inelastic collision in one dimension
- Collisions in Two Dimensions - Elastic collision in two dimensions, Inelastic collision in two dimensions
7 System of Particles and Rotational Motion
- Motion - Rigid Body
- What kind of motion can a rigid body have?
- Centre of Mass
- Centre of Mass of Two-particle System
- Motion of Centre of Mass
- Centre of Mass of Some Regular Shaped Bodies
- Linear Momentum of a System of Particles
- Rigid Body Rotation
- Equations of Rotational Motion
- Comparison of Linear and Rotational Motions
- Moment of Inertia
- Moment of inertia
- Radius of gyration
- Physical significance of radius of gyration
- Torque, Kinetic Energy, Angular Momentum and Its Conservation
- Moment of force (Torque)
- Work done by a torque
- Kinetic energy of a rotating body
- Angular momentum of a particle
- Conservation of angular momentum
- Applications of conservation of angular momentum
- Equilibrium of Rigid Body
- Principle of moments
- Centre of gravity
- Rolling Motion
- Kinetic Energy of Rolling Motion
- Rolling motion on an inclined plane
- Theorems of Perpendicular and Parallel Axes
- Theorem of Perpendicular Axes
- Theorem of Parallel Axes
- Application of perpendicular and parallel axes theorem on different regular bodies
8 Gravitation
- Introduction to Gravitation
- Kepler’s Laws
- Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
- Kepler’s First Law: The Law of Ellipses
- Kepler’s Second Law: The Law of Equal Areas
- Kepler’s Third Law: The Law of Harmonies
- Kepler’s Laws and Newton’s Explanation
- Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
- Newton’s Law of Gravitation
- Gravitational Constant (G)
- Effects of Newton’s Law of Gravitation
- Centre of Mass and Gravity
- Central Forces
- The Gravitational Constant
- Universal gravitation constant
- Value of G
- Acceleration Due to Gravity of the Earth
- Variation of g with altitude, depth and latitude
- Acceleration Due to Gravity Below and Above the Earth's Surface
- Variation of g with altitude
- Variation of g with depth
- Graph of g, R and d
- Gravitational Intensity, Gravitational Potential and Gravitational Potential Energy
- Gravitational intensity/gravitational field
- Gravitational potential
- Gravitational potential energy
- Potential energy of system of masses
- For uniform solid sphere of radius R
- For a spherical shell of radius R
- For a uniform circular ring of radius R
- Escape Velocity
- Geostationary and Polar Satellites
- Geostationary Satellites
- Polar Satellites
- Orbital Velocity and Time Period of Satellite
- Orbital velocity (critical velocity)
- Time period of a satellite
- Energy of an Orbiting Satellite
- Weightlessness
- Weightlessness Condition in Orbit
9 Mechanical Properties of Solids: Elasticity
- Elastic Behaviour of Solid
- Deforming force
- Elasticity
- Factors affecting elasticity
1) Hammering and rolling
2) Annealing
3) Impurity
4) Temperature - Elastic limit
- Elastic fatigue
1) Elastic fatigue
2) Due to elastic fatigue
3) Elastic after-effect
- Stress and Strain
- Stress
- Types of stress
1) Longitudinal stress: Tensile stress and Compressive stress
2) Hydraulic or volume stress
3) Shear or tangential stress
4) Breaking stress - Strain
- Types of strain
1) Longitudinal (tensile or linear) strain
2) Volume strain
3) Shear strain
- Hooke’s Law
- Stress-strain Curve
- Elastic Moduli
- Young’s Modulus
- Determination of Young’s Modulus of the Material of a Wire
- Bulk Modulus
- Shear Modulus or Modulus of Rigidity
- Poisson’s Ratio
- Lateral strain
- Poisson's ratio
- Elastic Energy
- Elastic energy
- Work done in stretching a wire
- Application of Elastic Behaviour of Materials
10 Mechanical Properties of Fluids: Viscosity
- Introduction of Mechanical Properties of Fluids
- Thrust and Pressure
- Introduction
- Unit of pressure
- Experiment
- Atmospheric Pressure
- Pressure Exerted by a Liquid Column
- Pascal’s Law
- Application of Pascal’s Law
- Applications of Pascal's law
- Hydraulic press
- Hydraulic lift
- Hydraulic brakes
- Buoyancy Force (Upthrust Force)
- Introduction
- Experiment 1
- Experiment 2
- Archimedes' Principle
- Principle of Floatation (Laws of Flotation)
- Viscous Force or Viscosity
- Viscosity
- Newton's law of viscosity
- Coefficient of viscosity
- Applications of coefficient of viscosity
- Stoke's Law
- Terminal Velocity
- Streamline and Turbulent Flow
- Streamline flow
- Laminar flow
- Turbulent flow
- Critical Velocity
- Reynold's Number
- Bernoulli's Theorem
- Bernoulli's theorem
- Equation of continuity
- Poiseuille's formula
- Special cases
1) Series combination of capillary tubes
2) Parallel combination of capillary tubes
- Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
- Applications of Bernoulli's theorem
- Action of atomiser
- Blowing of roofs by wind storms
- Venturimeter
- Blood Flow and Heart Attack
- Dynamic Lift
(a) Ball moving without spin
(b) Ball moving with spin
(c) Aerofoil or lift on aircraft wing
- Torricelli's Law
11 Mechanical Properties of Fluids: Surface Tension
- Intermolecular Force of Attraction
- Intermolecular force of attraction
- Types of intermolecular force of attraction
i) Cohesive force
ii) Adhesive force - The effect of cohesive force and adhesive force
- Range of molecular attraction
- Surface influence (Sphere of influence)
- Surface film
- Surface Tension
- Surface Tension
- Force due to surface tension
- Factors affecting surface tension
1) Nature of liquid
2) Impurities
3) Temperature
4) Electrification - Applications of surface tension
- Surface Energy
- Surface Tension and Surface Energy
- Surface Tension
- Surface Energy
- Relation between the surface energy and surface tension
- Angle of Contact
- Angle of contact
- Characteristics of angle of contact
- Factors affecting angle of contact (θ)
i) Nature of solid and liquid in contact
ii) Impurities
iii) Inclination
iv) Temperature - Shape of liquid meniscus
- Shape of liquid drop
- Drops and Bubbles
- Shape of liquid drop
- Excess pressure
- Some surfaces with their excess pressure
- Capillarity and Capillary Action
- Capillary action
- Ascent formula
- Capillary fall
- Capillary rise
- Expression for capillary rise or fall
- Method (I): Using pressure difference
- Method (II): Using forces
12 Thermal Properties of Matter: Heat
- Introduction to Thermal Properties of Matter
- Heat and Temperature
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Measurement of Temperature
- Absolute Temperature
- Expansion of Substances (Thermal Expansion)
- Expansion of Solids
- Introduction
- Linear Expansion
- Areal Expansion
- Volumetric Expansion
- Expansion of Liquids
- Introduction
- Volumetric Expansion
- Anomalous Behavior of Water
- Expansion of Gases
- Introduction
- Effect of Heat on Gases
- Measuring Expansion of Gases
- Expansion of Solids
- Anomalous Expansion of Water
- Anomalous expansion of water
- Importance of Anomalous expansion of water
- Heat and change of physical state
- Introduction
- Effect of Change of Temperature
- Effect of Change of Pressure
- Heat Required to Change State
- Change of State - Latent Heat Capacity
- Change of State - Latent Heat Capacity
- latent heat of fusion, latent heat of vaporisation (Lv)
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Introduction
- Specific Heat Capacity of Different Substances
- Experiment
- Water Equivalent (W)
- Thermal capacity
- Calorimetry
- Calorimetry
- Principle of calorimetry
- Temperature of mixture in different cases
- Heat Transfer
- Conduction
- Thermal Conductivity
- Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity
- Thermal Resistance (RT)
- Applications of Thermal Conductivity
- Convection
- Applications of Convection
- Free and Forced Convection
- Radiation
- Conduction
- Conduction
- Temperature gradient
- Thermal Conductivity: Coefficient of thermal conductivity
- Thermal resistance
- Series combination of conductors
- Parallel combination of conductors
- Applications of conductivity in everyday life
- Convection
- Convection: Convection currents
- Natural convection
- Forced convection
- Radiation
- Radiation
- Thermal radiation
- Relation between a, r and t
- Athermanous and diathermanous substances
- Greenhouse effect
- Green House Effect
- Green House Effect
- Green House gases
- Qualitative Ideas of Black Body Radiation
- Perfectly black body
- Ferry's black body
- Spectrum of black body radiation in terms of wavelength
- Wien's Displacement Law
- Stefan's Law
- Stefan's (Stefan - Boltzmann) law
- Newton’s Law of Cooling
- Newton's law of cooling
- Graphical representation
- Applications
- Factors affecting the rate of cooling
- Limitations of Newton's law of cooling
13 Thermodynamics
- Thermodynamics
- Thermodynamic System
- Thermodynamic system
- Classification of Thermodynamic system
- Open system
- Closed system
- Isolated system
- Thermal Equilibrium
- Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat, Internal Energy and Work
- Heat
- Internal Energy
- Work: P-V diagrams
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Introduction
- Specific Heat Capacity of Different Substances
- Experiment
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- First law of thermodynamics
- Sign conventions
- Limitations of first law of thermodynamics
- Thermodynamic State Variables and Equation of State
- Thermodynamic Equilibrium
1) Mechanical equilibrium
2) Chemical equilibrium
3) Thermal equilibrium - Equation of state
- Thermodynamic state variables
1) Extensive variables
2) Intensive variables
- Thermodynamic Equilibrium
- Thermodynamic Process
- Thermodynamic Process
- Work Done During a Thermodynamic Process
- Heat Added During a Thermodynamic Process
- Classification of Thermodynamic Processes
- Classification of Thermodynamic Processes
- Quasi-static (nearly static) process
- Isothermal process
- Adiabatic process
- Isobaric process
- Isochoric process
- Polytropic process
- Cyclic process
- Non-cyclic process
- Reversible process
- Irreversible process
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Clausius' Statement
- Kelvin Planck's Statement
- Entropy
- Heat Engine
- Heat engine
- Source
- Working substance
- Sink
- Working
- Efficiency of heat engine
- Carnot Engine
- Carnot Engine
- Carnot cycle
i) Isothermal expansion
ii) Adiabatic expansion
iii) Isothermal compression
iv) Adiabatic compression
- Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
- Refrigerator: Heat Flow from a Colder Region to a Hotter Region
- Source
- Working substance
- Sink
- Working
- Performance of a Refrigerator
- Air conditioner
- Heat Pump
14 Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Introduction of Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Perfect (ideal) and real gases
- Equation of State of a Perfect Gas
- Ideal gas equation (Equation of state)
- Other forms of equation of state
- Van der Waal's gas equation
- Universal gas constant
- Gas laws
- Boyle's law
- Charles' law
- Gay Lussac's law
- Avogadro's law and number
- Assumptions of Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Assumptions of kinetic theory of gases
- Based on Nature of gas molecules
- Based on motion of gas molecules
- RMS Speed of Gas Molecules
- Speed of gaseous molecules
- Mean speed
- Mean square speed
- Root mean square speed
- Maxwell distribution function
- Kinetic Theory of Gases - Concept of Pressure
- Pressure exerted by the gas on the wall of a container
- Molecular density of gas
- Dalton's Law of partial pressures
- Interpretation of Temperature in Kinetic Theory
- Kinetic energy of gas
- Different forms of K.E. of gas
- Relation between K.E. and temperature of the gas
- Degrees of Freedom
- Degrees of freedom
- Degrees of freedom of mono, di, and triatomic gases
1) Monoatomic gas
2) Diatomic gas
3) Triatomic gas
4) Polyatomic gas - Degrees of freedom for different gases at room temperature
- Law of Equipartition of Energy
- Law of equipartition of energy
- Energy of a system of the degree of freedom (f)
- Specific Heat Capacities - Gases
- Applications of the law of equipartition of energy for specific heat capacity
- Monatomic Gases
- Diatomic Gases
- Triatomic Gases
- Specific Heat Capacity of Solids
- Specific Heat Capacity of Water
- Mean Free Path
- Free path
- Mean free path
15 Oscillations
- Periodic and Oscillatory Motion
- Periodic Motion
- Oscillatory motion
- Some important terms in periodic motion
- Displacement as a function of time
- Periodic functions
- Fourier theorem
- Period and frequency
- Displacement
- Time Period
- Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.)
- Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.)
- Equation of S.H.M
1) Equation of displacement - Phase: Initial phase or epoch or phase constant, Phase angle
- S.H.M. as a projection of UCM
2) Equation of velocity
3) Equation of acceleration
4) Equation of time period
5) Equation of frequency
- Graphical Representation of S.H.M.
- Graphical Representation of S.H.M.
- Particle executing S.H.M., starting from mean position, towards positive
- Particle performing S.H.M., starting from the positive extreme position
- Conclusions from graph
- Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion
- Oscillations of a spring
- Spring pendulum
- Oscillations of combinations of spring
- Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
- Energy in S.H.M. Kinetic and Potential Energies
- Energy of S.H.M
- Graphical representation of energy (E) versus displacement for a particle performing S.H.M. from mean position
- Graphical representation of energy (E) versus period of S.H.M. (T) for a particle performing S.H.M. from mean position
- Some Systems Executing Simple Harmonic Motion
- Simple pendulum
- Effect of the density of medium on time period of simple pendulum
- Oscillations due to a Spring - Restoring Force and Force Constant
- Effect of viscosity of medium
- Effect of temperature
- Some special cases of simple pendulum: Second's pendulum
- Various types of S.H.M:
1) S.H.M of a liquid in U- shaped tube
2) S.H.M of a floating cylinder
3) S.H.M of a small ball rolling down in hemispherical bowl
- Damped Simple Harmonic Motion
- damping constant
- Forced Oscillations and Resonance
- Free, Forced and Damped Oscillations
- resonance
- Small Damping, Driving Frequency far from Natural Frequency
- Driving Frequency Close to Natural Frequency
16 Wave Mechanics
- Introduction of Wave Mechanics
- Wave
- One-dimensional wave
- Two-dimensional wave
- Three-dimensional wave
- Wave Motion
- Wave motion
- Characteristics of wave motion
- Mechanical waves
- Types of Mechanical waves
1) Transverse waves
2) Longitudinal waves - Difference between transverse waves and longitudinal waves
- Speed of Wave Motion
- Terms involved in wave motion
- Velocity of transverse wave on string
- Velocity of longitudinal wave (Sound wave)
- Factors affecting velocity of sound in gaseous medium
1) Effect of pressure at constant temperature
2) Effect of temperature
3) Effect of density
4) Effect of humidity
- Displacement Relation for a Progressive Wave
- Simple harmonic progressive wave
- Characteristics of Simple Harmonic (SH) Progressive wave
- Relation between phase difference, path difference and time difference
- Amplitude and Phase
- Wavelength and Angular Wave Number
- Period, Angular Frequency and Frequency
- Principle of Superposition of Waves
- Superposition principle
- Some important terms
1) Phase
2) Phase difference
3) Path difference - Resultant amplitude due to superposition
- Resultant intensity due to superposition
- Reflection of Waves
- Introduction of Reflection of Waves
- Reflection of waves
- Reflection of a transverse waves from
- Reflection of a longitudinal wave from
- Echo
- Standing Waves and Normal Modes
- Stationary Waves (Standing waves)
- Stationary waves are of two types: Longitudinal and Transverse stationary waves
- Nodes
- Antinodes
- Characteristics of stationary waves
- Difference between progressive waves and stationary waves
- Terms related to the application of stationary waves: Note, Tone, Fundamental note and fundamental frequency, Harmonics, Overtones, Octave, Unison, Resonance.
- Standing Waves in Strings
- Harmonics and overtone
- Laws of vibrating string
1) Law of length
2) Law of mass
3) Law of density
4) Law of tension - Organ Pipes: Closed and Open Organ Pipe
- End correction
- Energy in a standing wave
- Fundamental Mode and Harmonics
- fundamental mode or the first harmonic, second harmonic
- Introduction of Reflection of Waves
- Formation of Beats
- Beats
- Conditions for beat formation
- Theory of beats
- Applications of beats
i) To determine the frequency of tuning fork
ii) To tune musical instruments
iii) To detect harmful gases in a mine
- Doppler Effect
- Musical Sound
- Source Moving and Listener Stationary
- Listener Approaching a Stationary Source with Velocity vL
- Both Source and Listener are Moving
- Common Properties between Doppler Effect of Sound and Light
- Major Differences between Doppler Effects of Sound and Light
- Effect of wind velocity on Doppler's effect in sound
- Applications of Doppler's effect
Medical Entrance Exam Physics Syllabus for Chapter 2: Class 12
17 Electrostatics
- Electrostatics
- Electric Charges
- Point charge
- Test charge
- Basic Properties of Electric Charge
- Additive Nature of Charge
- Quantization of Charge
- Conservation of Charge
- Forces between Charges
- Methods of Charging a Conductor
- Methods of Charging a Conductor
- Charging by friction
- Charging by induction
- Charging by conduction
- Conductors and Insulators Related to Electric Field
- Free Charges and Bound Charges Inside a Conductor
- Coulomb’s Law - Force Between Two Point Charges
- Scalar form of Coulomb’s Law
- Relative Permittivity or Dielectric Constant
- Definition of Unit Charge from the Coulomb’s Law
- Coulomb’s Law in Vector Form
- Superposition Principle - Forces Between Multiple Charges
- Superposition principle
- Forces between multiple charges
- Continuous Distribution of Charges
- Continuous distribution of charges
- Types of charge distribution
1) Linear charge distribution
2) Surface charge distribution
3) Volume charge distribution
- Electric Field
- Electric Field Intensity due to a Point Charge in a Material Medium
- Practical Way of Calculating Electric Field
- Electric Lines of Force
- Electric field intensity
- Electric Field Lines
- Electric Field Due to a Point Charge
- Motion of a Charged Particle
- Motion of a charged particle in an electric field
- Motion of charged particles at right angles in the electric field
- Electric Dipole
- The field of an electric dipole
- The physical significance of dipoles
- Couple Acting on an Electric Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field
- Electric Intensity at a Point due to an Electric Dipole
- Electric dipole moment (p)
- Electric field intensity·due to an electric dipole at a point on its axial line
- Electric field intensity due to an electric dipole at a point on the equatorial line
- Electric field intensity at a general point due to short electric dipole
- Dipole in a Uniform External Field
- Torque on a Dipole in Uniform Electric Fleld
- Work of an electric dipole
- Potential and Potential Difference
- Electrostatic Potential
- Potential Difference
- Experiment 1
- Experiment 2
- Experiment 3
- Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge, a Dipole and a System of Charges
- Electric potential due to a point charge
- Electric potential due to an electric dipole
- Electrostatics potential due to a system of charges
- Equipotential Surfaces
- Equipotential surface
- Properties of equipotential surface
- Shapes of equipotential surface due to various charge distributions
- Electrical Potential Energy of a System of Two Point Charges and of Electric Dipole in an Electrostatic Field
- Electric potential energy
- Electric potential energy of a system of two point charges
- Electric potential energy of an electric dipole in uniform electric field
- Dipole-dipole interaction
- Equilibrium of charges
- Types of equilibrium
1) Stable equilibrium
2) Unstable equilibrium
3) Neutral equilibrium - Different cases of equilibrium of charge
- Electric Flux
- Electric Flux
- Tube of force
- Tube of induction
- Normal Electric Induction (NEI)
- Total Normal Electric Induction (TNEI)
- Gauss’s Law
- Applications of Gauss’s Law
- Statement of Gauss'S Theorem and Its Applications to Find Field Due to Infinitely Long Straight Wire
- Field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire
- Field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
- Field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell - Field outside the shell, Field inside the shell
- Energy Density of Charged Conductor
18 Capacitors
- Dielectrics and Polarisation
- Dielectrics
- Types of dielectrics
1) Polar dielectrics
2) Non-polar dielectrics - Electric polarisation
- Dielectric constant
- Electric susceptibility of dielectric
- Capacitors and Capacitance
- Capacitance
- Redistribution of charges and concept of common potential
- Capacitance of an isolated spherical conductor
- Capacitor
- Principle of a capacitor
- Types of capacitor
1) Parallel plate capacitor
2) Spherical capacitor
3) Cylindrical capacitor - Applications of capacitors
- Combination of Capacitors
- Combination of Capacitors in Series and in Parallel
- Wheatstone's bridge of capacitors
- Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor with and Without Dielectric Medium Between the Plates
- Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor without dielectric medium
- Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor with dielectric slab between the plates
- Energy Stored in a Capacitor
- Van De Graaff Generator
- Principle
19 Current Electricity
- Electric Current
- Ampere: Pioneer of Electric Current Measurement
- Electric Current
- Flow of Electric Charges in a Metallic Conductor
- Ohm's Law (V = IR)
- Introduction
- Limitations and Applications
- Electrical Resistance
- V-I Characteristics (Linear and Non-linear)
- Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity
- Electrical resistivity (specific resistance)
- Conductivity
- Current Density
- Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity
- Drift velocity
- Relaxation time
- Mobility of electron
- Relation of drift velocity with current
- Resistivity of Various Materials
- Carbon resistors
- Colour code for carbon resistors
- Temperature Dependence of Resistance
- Temperature dependence of resistance
- Combination of Resistors - Series and Parallel
- Cells, Emf, Internal Resistance
- E.M.F. and Internal Resistance of Cell
- Potential Difference and Emf of a Cell
- Combination of Cells in Series and in Parallel
- Combination of cells in series and parallel
1) Series combination of cells
⇒ Cells of different e.m.f's and internal resistances connected in series
⇒ For n identical cells in series (Assisting mode)
2) Parallel combination of cells
⇒ For n identical parallel cells
3) Mixed combination of cells
- Combination of cells in series and parallel
- Electrical Energy
- Introduction
- Applications of Electrical Energy
- Storage of Electrical Energy
- Electrical Power
- Electric power
- Power-voltage rating
- Power of electrical appliances connected in parallel
- Power of electrical appliances connected in series
- Power in mixed combination of cells
- Practical units of electric energy in terms of power
- Units of electrical power
- Kirchhoff’s Rules
- Kirchhoff's law
- Kirchhoff's first law or Kirchhoff's current law (KCL)
- Kirchhofrs second law or Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL)
- Applications of Kirchhoff's law
- Wheatstone’s bridge
- Meter bridge
- Potentiometer
- Comparison of emf of two cells with a potentiometer
- Measurement of internal resistance of a cell by potentiometer
- Wheatstone Bridge
- Wheatstone bridge
- Balanced bridge
- Unbalanced bridge
- Different Measuring Instruments
- Metre Bridge
- Metre bridge or slide-wire bridge
- Applications of metre bridge
- Measurement of unknown resistance (S)
- Comparison of two unknown resistances
- Measurement of unknown temperature
- Measurement of unknown resistance of a galvanometer (Kelvin's method)
- Potentiometer
- Potentiometer Principle
- Applications to measure potential difference
- To Compare emf. of Cells
- To Find Internal Resistance (r) of a Cell
- Application of potentiometer
- Voltage Divider
- Audio Control
- Potentiometer as a senor
- Advantages of a Potentiometer Over a Voltmeter
- Merits
- Demerits
20 Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
- Oersted’s Experiment
- Magnetic Force
- Effects of Electric Current
- Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
- Introduction
- Experiment 1
- Experiment 2
- Experiment 3
- Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
- Magnetic Induction
- Magnetic Field
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Direction of Magnetic Field
- Direction of magnetic field
- Maxwell's cork screw rule
- Right-hand thumb rule
- Right-hand palm rule
- Fleming's left hand rule
- Magnetic Flux
- Motion in a Magnetic Field
- Helical motion of Charges Particles and Aurora Borealis
- Force on moving charge in uniform magnetic field
- Force on a charged particle in an electric field
- Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
- Lorentz Force Equation
- Cyclotron
- Cyclotron
- Principle
- Construction
- Working
- Limitations
- Uses
- Force on a Current - Carrying Conductor in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current Element, Biot-Savart Law
- Biot Savart’s Law
- Some important features of Biot Savart's law
- Its application to the current carrying circular loop
- Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop
- Ampere’s Circuital Law
- Ampere's Law and Its Applications to Infinitely Long Straight Wire
- Magnetic field due to the current carrying wire of infinite length using Ampère’s law
- Magnetic field due to a long current carrying solenoid
- Toroid
- Magnetic Field of a Solenoid and a Toroid
- Magnetic field due to a long straight solenoid
- Magnetic field due to a toroidal solenoid
- Force Between Two Parallel Currents, the Ampere
- Definition of Ampere
- Force Between Two Parallel Current-carrying Conductors
- Roget's Spiral For Attraction Between parallel currents
- Torque on a Current Loop in Magnetic Field
- Torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform magnetic field
- Circular current loop as a magnetic dipole
- The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron
- Galvanometer
- Introduction
- Experiment 1
- Experiment 2
- Application
- Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Moving Coil Galvanometer Conversion to Voltmeter and Ammeter
- Moving Coil Galvanometer Current Sensitivity
- Types of Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Suspended type MCG: Principle, Construction
- Pivoted type MCG
- Sensitivity of MCG
- Current sensitivity (Si)
- Voltage Sensitivity (Sv)
- Factors affecting the sensitivity of MCG
- Accuracy of MCG
- Conversion of MCG into ammeter
- Conversion of MCG into voltmeter
21 Magnetism
- Introduction of Magnetism
- Magnet
- Classification of Magnets
- Classification of Magnets
1) Natural Magnet
2) Artificial Magnet
- Classification of Magnets
- Terminology in Magnet
- Pole strength (m)
- Magnetic axis
- Magnetic equator
- Magnetic length (2l)
- Geometric length
- Magnetic dipole
- Magnetic dipole moment
- The Bar Magnet
- The magnetic field lines
- Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
- The dipole in a uniform magnetic field
- The electrostatic analog
- Magnetic potential
- Coulomb’s Inverse Square Law of Magnetism
- Magnetic field at a point along the axial line of the magnetic dipole (bar magnet)
- Magnetic field at a point along the equatorial line due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet)
- Magnetism and Gauss’s Law
- Gauss law of magnetism
- Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole and Its Magnetic Dipole Moment
- Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Revolving Electron
- Magnetic Field Intensity Due to a Magnetic Dipole (Bar Magnet)
- Magnetic field intensity on the axial line of a bar magnet (end on position)
- Magnetic field intensity on the equatorial line of a bar magnet (broadside on position)
- Magnetic field at any point due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet)
- Torque on a Magnetic Dipole (Bar Magnet) in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- The Earth’s Magnetism
- Earth's magnetic field
- Important terms
1) Geographic axis
2) Geographic meridian
3) Geographic equator
4) Magnetic axis
5) Magnetic meridian
6) Magnetic equator - Effects of Earth's magnetic field
- Magnetic Elements
- Magnetic elements
1) Magnetic declination
2) Magnetic inclination or dip: Apparent dip
3) Horizontal component of earth's magnetic field
- Magnetic elements
- Neutral Points in Magnetic Fields
- Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
- Magnetisation
- Magnetic Intensity
- Relation between permeability and susceptibility
- Magnetic Properties of Materials
- Classification of magnetic material: Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, Ferromagnetic
- Atomic theory of magnetism
- Magnetism on the basis of electron theory
1) Diamagnetism
2) Paramagnetism
3) Ferromagnetism
- Curie Temperature
- Hysteresis Loop
- Permanent Magnet and Electromagnet
- Permanent magnet
- Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths
- Difference between Permanent magnet and electromagnet
- Advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet
22 Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Introduction
- Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
- Application
- Magnetic Flux
- The Experiments of Faraday and Henry
- Faraday's Experiments
1) Coil and magnet experiment
2) Coil and coil experiment
- Faraday's Experiments
- Faraday’s Law of Induction
- Laws of Electromagnetic Induction or Faraday's Laws of Induction
1) First law
2) Second Law
- Laws of Electromagnetic Induction or Faraday's Laws of Induction
- Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy
- Lenz's Law
- Induced e.m.f. and Induced Current
- Motional Electromotive Force (e.m.f.)
- Translational motion of a conductor
- Motional emf in a rotating bar
- Eddy Currents
- Eddy Current
- Drawbacks
- Applications
1) Dead-beat galvanometer
2) Electric-brakes
3) Induction furnace
4) Speedometer
5) Energy meter
6) Induction motor
- Inductance
- Self Inductance
- Self Induction
- Factors affecting self inductance (L)
- Mutual Inductance
- Mutual Induction
- Factors affecting mutual inductance (M)
- Relation between M, L1, and L2.
- Two coils in series
- Two coils in parallel
- Self Inductance
- Transformers
- Transformer
- Principle of transformer
- Efficiency of transformer (η)
- Losses in transformer
1) Cu loss (I2R)
2) Eddy current loss
3) Hysteresis loss
4) Magnetic flux leakage
5) Humming losses
- Types of Transformer
- Types of Transformer
- Step up transformer
- Step down transformer
- Distinction between the step up and step down transformers
- Examples of Step up transformer and Step down transformer
- Uses of Step up transformer and Step down transformer
- A.C. Generator
- A.C. Generator (A. C. dynamo)
- Principle of A.C. generator
- Alternating Currents
- Alternating current
- Terms Related to alternating current
- Instantaneous value
- Peak value
- Mean value or average value
- Mean square value
- Root mean square (r.m.s) value
- Peak to peak value
- Form factor and peak factor
- Impedance (Z)
- Reactance (X): Inductive and Capacitive reactance
- Admittance (Y)
- Susceptance (S): Inductive and Capacitive susceptance
- Conductance
- Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors - Phasors
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor
- Graph of e and i versus ωt
- Phasor diagram for a purely resistive load
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
- Graph of e and i versus ωt
- Phasor diagram for purely inductive circuit
- Inductive Reactance (XL)
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor
- Graph of e and i versus ωt
- Phasor diagram for the purely capacitive circuit
- Capacitive Reactance
- Comparison between resistance and reactance
- Resistive-Inductive circuit (RL-circuit)
- Resistive-Capacitive circuit (RC - circuit)
- Inductive-Capacitive circuit (LC-circuit)
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit
- LCR Series Circuit
- Phasor-diagram solution
- Analytical solution
- Resonance - Sharpness of resonance
- LC Oscillations
- Power in AC Circuit: the Power Factor
- Power in A.C. Circuits
- Power Factor
- Wattless Current
- Instantaneous power
- Average power
- Virtual power
- Choke Coil
- Resonant Circuits
- Series Resonance Circuit
- Resonant frequency (Natural frequency)
- Quality factor (Q - factor) of series resonant circuit
- Parallel Resonance Circuit
- Parallel LC circuits
- Parallel RLC Circuit
23 Electromagnetic Waves
- Introduction of Electromagnetic Waves
- Displacement Current
- Need for displacement current
- Ampere-Maxwell's circuital law
- Displacement current
- Conduction current
- Origin of electromagnetic waves
- Maxwell's equations
1) Gauss' law in electrostatics
2) Gauss' law in magnetism
3) Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction
4) Ampere - Maxwell's law
- Electromagnetic Waves
- Sources of electromagnetic waves: Hertz's experiment
- Nature of electromagnetic waves
- Speed of electromagnetic waves
- Production and properties of electromagnetic waves
- Electromagnetic Waves and Their Characteristics
1) Energy density
2) Poynting vector
3) Momentum
- Transverse Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Electromagnetic spectrum (Discovered by, Wavelength range, Production, Detection, Characteristics, applications
- Gamma rays (γ-rays)
- X-rays
- Ultraviolet rays (UV rays)
- Visible light
- Infrared rays
- Microwaves
- Radio waves
- Approximate ranges of wavelength and frequency
- Properties common to all the electromagnetic waves
24 Ray Optics
- Introduction to Ray Optics
- Light and its sources
- Optics
- Ray optics
- Reflection of Light
- Introduction
- Activity
- Experiment
- Terms Used in Reflection of Light
- Law of Reflection of Light
- Laws of Reflection
- Experiment
- Types of Reflection
- Mirrors
- Plane Mirror
- Introduction
- Reflection Formation in a Plane Mirror
- Activity
- Experiment
- Relation Between Mirror Height and Full Image Formation
- Spherical Mirrors
- Introduction
- Activity
- Plane Mirror
- Images Formed in Two Inclined Mirrors
- Relationship Between the Focal Length and Radius of Curvature
- Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors
- Mirror Equation/Formula
- Introduction
- Stepwise Derivation of the Mirror Formula
- Linear Magnification (M) Due to Spherical Mirrors
- Introduction
- Uses of Magnification
- Introduction to Refraction of Light
- Introduction
- Activity 1
- Activity 2
- Activity 3
- Some Terms Related to Refraction of Light
- Some definitions related to refraction of light:
- Angle of refraction (r)
- Relative refractive index
- Absolute refractive index
- Principle of Reversibility of the Path of Light
- Refraction of Light Through a Rectangular Glass Slab
- Lateral displacement
- Refraction Through a Compound Slab
- Real and Apparent Depth
- Application of Atmospheric Refraction
- Phenomena explained by the refraction of light
- Twinkling of stars
- Sun is visible before the actual sunrise and also after sunset.
- Mirage
- Looming
- Critical Angle
- Critical angle (ic)
- Factors affecting the critical angle
- Colour of light (or wavelength of light)
- Nature of the pair of media
- Temperature
- Total Internal Reflection
- Total Internal Reflection
- Essential conditions for the total internal reflection
- Total internal reflection in nature - optical fibres
- Rainbow production
- Refraction and total internal reflection of light rays at different angles of incidence
- Consequences of total internal refraction
- Applications of total internal reflection
- Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and Lenses
- Refraction at Spherical Surfaces
- Refraction at spherical surfaces
- Refraction from rarer to denser medium
- Refraction from denser medium to rarer medium
- Combination of Thin Lenses in Contact
- Equivalent lens (Two thin lenses placed in contact)
- Combination of a lens and a mirror:
⇒ Effect of silvering, one of the refracting surfaces of a lens - Defects in lenses
1) Chromatic aberration
2) Spherical aberration
⇒ Methods to reduce spherical aberrations in lenses
3) Coma
4) Curvature
- Refraction at Spherical Surfaces
- Concept of Lenses
- Lens and its Types
- Cross-Sections of Convex and Concave Lenses
- Some Definitions Related to Lens
- Some definitions related to lens
- Optical centre
- Principal axis
- Principal focus
- Focal length
- Aperture
- Conjugate foci
- Focus in case of lenses
a) First principal focus
b) Second principal focus
- Sign Convention
- General Rules of Cartesian Sign Convention
- Sign Convention for Mirrors
- Sign Convention for Lenses
- Guideline for Image Formation Due to Refraction Through a Convex and Concave Lens
- Images Formed by Concave Lenses
- Rules for Image Formation by a Concave Lens
- Image Formation by a Concave Lens
- Images Formed by Convex Lenses
- Rules for Image Formation by a Convex Lens
- Experiment
- Images formed by convex lenses for different positions of the object
- Thin Lens Formula
- Lens Maker's Formula
- Magnification Due to Spherical Lenses
- Power of a Lens
- Prism
- Refraction of Light Through a Prism
- Refraction of light through a prism
- Factors affecting the angle of deviation
- Dispersion of Light Through Prism and Formation of Spectrum
- Dispersion of Light Through a Prism
- Newton’s Disc and the Colours of Light
- Wavelength and Speed of Light in Different Media
- Activity 1
- Activity 2
- Activity 3
- Some Natural Phenomena Due to Sunlight
- Mirage
- Rainbow
- Scattering of Light and Its Types
- Scattering of Light
- Types of Scattering of Light
- Elastic scattering
- Inelastic scattering
(a) Rayleigh scattering
(b) Rayleigh’s scattering law
(c) Mie scattering
(d) Tyndall scattering
(e) Raman scattering
- Applications of Scattering of Light
- Applications of Scattering of Light
- Red colour of sun at sunrise and sunset
- White colour of sky at noon
- Blue colour of sky
- Black colour of sky in absence of atmosphere
- White colour of clouds
- Use of red light for the danger signal
- Human Eye
- Structure and Components
- Photoreceptors and Eye Muscles
- Working of the Human Eye
- Image Formation and Light Control
- Vision Range and Optical Properties
- Eye Defect and Its Correction: Myopia Or Near-sightedness
- Myopia and Its Causes
- Types and Symptoms of Myopia
- Myopia Correction and Treatment
- Eye Defect and its Correction: Hypermetropia or Far-sightedness
- Hypermetropia and Its Causes
- Types and Symptoms of Hypermetropia
- Hypermetropia Correction and Treatment
- Eye Defect and Its Correction: Astigmatism
- Astigmatism
- Correction for Astigmatism
- Eye Defect and Its Correction: Presbyopia
- Presbyopia and Its Causes
- Symptoms of Presbyopia
- Presbyopia Correction and Treatments
- Microscope and it’s types
- Visual angle
- Microscopes
- Basic types of microscopes
1) Simple Microscope
2) Compound Microscope
- Telescope
- Introduction
- Working
- Function
- Types of Telescope: Optical Telescope
- Optical Telescopes
- Refracting and Reflecting Telescopes
- Types of Reflecting Telescopes
25 Wave Optics and Interference of Light
- Introduction of Wave Optics
- Wave Optics
- Newton's Corpuscular Theory of light
- Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory
- Huygens' Wave Theory of light
- Merits of Huygens' Wave Theory
- Limitations of Huygens' wave theory
- Properties of Luminiferous Ether
- Huygens' Principle
- Wavefront
- Wave normal
- Wave surface
- Huygens' Principle
- Spherical Wavefront
- Plane Wavefront
- Cylindrical wavefront
- Reflection and Refraction of Plane Wave at Plane Surface Using Huygens' Principle
- Reflection of a Plane Wave by a Plane Surface
- Reflection at plane surface
- Laws of reflection
- Refraction of a Plane Wave
- Refraction of light
- Laws of refraction
- Snell's law
- Refraction of plane wave from a plane surface
- The Doppler Effect
- Doppler effect in light
- Red Shift and Blue Shift
- Reflection of a Plane Wave by a Plane Surface
- Proof of Laws of Reflection and Refraction Using Huygens' Principle
- Proof of laws of reflection by using Huygens' principle
- Proof of laws of refraction using Huygens' Principle
- Principle of Superposition of Waves
- Superposition principle
- Some important terms
1) Phase
2) Phase difference
3) Path difference - Resultant amplitude due to superposition
- Resultant intensity due to superposition
- Interference of Light
- Interference of light
- Condition for constructive interference
- Condition for destructive interference
- Interference fringe
- Interference due to thin film
- Interference in thin parallel plate film
- Interference in thin parallel plate film due to reflected light
- Interference in thin parallel plate film due to transmitted light
- Interference in thin wedge-shaped film
- Colours in thin film
- Coherent and Incoherent Sources and Sustained Interference of Light
- Coherent sources
- Incoherent sources
- Sustained interference pattern
- Conditions necessary to obtain sustained (steady) interference pattern
- Young's Double Slit Experiment and Expression for Fringe Width
- Young's double-slit experiment (YDSE)
- Expression for fringe width from YDSE
- Shift of fringes
26 Diffraction and Polarisation of Light
- Diffraction of Light
- Diffraction of light
- Examples of diffraction of light
- Resolving Power of Microscope and Astronomical Telescope
- Resolution of images
- Rayleigh's criterion for resolution
- Resolving the power of an optical instrument
- Resolving power of microscope
- Resolving power of telescopes
- Types of Diffraction
- Types of diffraction
1) Fresnel diffraction
2) Fraunhoffer diffraction - Comparison between Fresnel diffraction and Fraunhoffer diffraction
- Types of diffraction
- Fraunhofer Diffraction Due to a Single Slit
- Single slit Fraunhofer diffraction (elementary explanation only)
- Formulae based comparison between secondary maxima and minima
- Diffraction at a single slit: experimental setup, diagram, diffraction pattern, obtain an expression for the position of minima, a sinθn = nλ, where n = 1, 2, 3 … and conditions for secondary maxima, asinθn = (n + ½)λ.
- Distribution of intensity with angular distance
- Diffraction at plane grating
- Diffraction due to circular aperture
- Comparison between interference and diffraction
- Fresnel distance
- Polarisation of Light
- Transverse nature of light
- Unpolarised light
- Polarisation of light
- Plane polarised light
- Difference between unpolarised light and plane polarised light
- Polariser
- Polarising angle
- Analyser
- Detection of polarised light
- Polarisation
- Method of producing polarised light
- Polarisation by reflection
- By Dichroism
- By double refraction
- Nicol prism
- By scattering
- Uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids
- Brewster's Law
- Law of Malus
- Polaroids
- Polaroids
- Preparation of polaroids
- Polarising action of polaroids
- Uses of polaroids (plane polarised light)
27 Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
- Dual Nature of Radiation
- Electric Discharge Through Gases
- Determination of specific charge e/m of an electron - J.J. Thomson’s experiment
- Determination of charge of an electron – Millikan’s oil drop experiment
- Electron Emission
- Electron emission
- Thermionic emission
- Field emission
- Photoelectric emission
- Photoelectric Effect - Hertz’s Observations
- Photoelectric Effect - Hallwachs’ and Lenard’s Observations
- Hertz and Lenard's Observations
- Hallwach and Lenard's Experiment
- Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
- Effect of frequency on the photoelectric current: Threshold frequency, Threshold wavelength
- Effect of intensity of light on the photoelectric current
- Effect of potential difference on photoelectric current
- Effect of photometals on stopping potential
- Laws of photoelectric emission
- Photoelectric cell: Construction, Working, and Applications of photocell
- Failure of wave theory of light to explain photoelectric effect
- Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation
- Einstein's photoelectric equation
- Work function (Φ)
- Particle Nature of Light: The Photon
- Characteristics of photon
- Wave Nature of Matter
- Matter waves
- De Broglie wave relation
- De Broglie wavelength of an electron
- Ratio of de Broglie wavelengths of photon and electron
- Davisson and Germer Experiment
28 Atoms and Nuclei
- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- Introduction of Atom
- Discovery of Charged Particles and the Structure of an Atom
- J. J. Thomson’s Atomic Model
- Discovery of Electrons
- Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model of the Atom
- Merits and Demerits
- Advantage and Limitations of Thomson’s Atomic Model
- Lord Rutherford’s Atomic model
- Introduction
- Rutherford’s Nuclear atomic model
- Merits and Demerits
- Limitations of Rutherford’s Atomic Model
- Neils Bohr’s Model of an Atom
- Introduction
- Bohr’s stable orbit atomic model
- Merits and Demerits
- Energy Levels
- Hydrogen Spectrum
- Structure of an Atom
- Atomic Number (Z), Mass Number (A), and Number of Neutrons (n)
- Atomic number or Nuclear charge
- Nucleons
- Mass number
- Relationship between atomic number and mass number
- Representation of element
- Number of Neutrons (n)
- Isotopes
- Introduction of Isotopes
- Applications of Isotopes
- Isobars
- Introduction
- Example of Isobars
- Characteristics of Isobars
- Isotones or Isoneutronic
- Isotones or Isoneutronic
- Examples
- Size of the Nucleus
- Nuclear Force
- Atomic Mass, Mass - Energy Relation and Mass Defect
- Atomic Mass
- Mass-Energy Relation
- Mass Defect
- Packing fraction
- Nuclear Binding Energy
- Binding energy
- Binding energy per nucleon
- Binding energy curve
- Importance of binding energy curve
- Radioactivity
- Discovery of Radioactivity
- Radioactive Substances
- Types of Radiation Emitted by Radioactive Substances
- Types of Radioactivity
- Types of Radioactivity
- Natural Radioactivity
- Artificial (or) Induced Radioactivity
- Radioactivity as Emission of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiations
- Properties of Alpha Particles
- Properties of Beta Particles
- Properties of Gamma Radiations
- Changes Within the Nucleus in Alpha, Beta and Gamma Emission
- Alpha Decay (Alpha Emission)
- Beta Decay (Beta Emission)
- Gamma Decay (Gamma Emission)
- Radioactive Decay Law
- Radioactive Disintegration
- Decay Law
- Decay constant
- Half-life
- Average life
- Radioactivity decay rate
- Nuclear Reactions
- Transmutation
- Induced or artificial radioactivity
- Nuclear fission
- Nuclear fusion
- Theoretical (qualitative) prediction of exothermic (with the release of energy) nuclear reaction, in fusing together two light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus and in splitting heavy nucleus to form middle order (lower mass number) nuclei, is evident from the shape of BE per nucleon versus mass number graph. Also, calculate the disintegration energy Q for a heavy nucleus (A = 240) with BE/A ∼ 7.6 MeV per nucleon split into two equal halves with A = 120 each and BE/A ∼ 8.5 MeV/nucleon; Q ∼ 200 MeV.
- Nuclear Fission
- Nuclear fission
- Fissionable materials
- Chain Reaction
- Controlled chain reaction
- Uncontrolled chain reaction
- Critical Mass
- Atom bomb
- Nuclear Fusion
- Nuclear Fusion
- Conditions necessary for nuclear fusion
- Stellar Energy
- Hydrogen Bomb
29 Electronic Devices
- Energy Bands in Solids
- Energy bands in Solids
- Energy bands in solids are of three types
- Valence band
- Conduction band
- Forbidden energy gap or Energy band gap
- Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors
- Classification of solid on the basis of conductivity
- Conductors
- Insulators
- Semiconductors
- On the basis of energy bands
- Types of Semiconductors
- Types of semiconductors
- Intrinsic semiconductors
- Extrinsic semiconductors
- Intrinsic Semiconductor
- Intrinsic Semiconductors
- Holes in Semiconductors
- Extrinsic Semiconductor
- Doping
- Types of doping
1) Pentavalent dopants
2) Trivalent dopants - Extrinsic semiconductors
- Types of Extrinsic semiconductors
1) n-type semiconductor
2) p-type semiconductor - The conductivity of semiconductors (σ)
- Charge neutrality of extrinsic semiconductors
- p-n Junction
- p-n junction
- Formation of p-n junction
- Semiconductor Diode
- Semiconductor Diode
- Potential barrier at the junction diode
- Biasing of the p-n junction diode
1) Forward biasing
2) Reverse biasing - V-I Characteristics of a p-n junction diode
1) p-n junction diode under forward bias: Cut-off or knee voltage
2) p-n junction diode under reverse bias: Breakdown voltage
3) Reverse Breakdown: Zener breakdown, Avalanche breakdown - Dynamic Resistance
- Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier
- p-n junction Diode as rectifier
- Half-wave rectifier: Circuit connections, Working, Input/output waveforms, Disadvantages
- Full-wave rectifier: Circuit connections, Working, Input/output waveforms, Disadvantages
- Filters: Input/output waveforms, Comparison between half-wave rectifier and full-wave rectifier
- Zener Diode as a Voltage Regulator
- Zener diode
- I-V characteristics of Zener diode
- Zener diode as voltage regulator
- Line regulation in Zener diode
- Load regulation in Zener diode
- Ratings of a Zener diode
- Special Purpose P-n Junction Diodes
- Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes: Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
- characteristics of Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
- Zener diode
- Optoelectronic junction devices - Photodiode, Light emitting diode, Solar cell
- Junction Transistor
- Transistor as a Device
- Transistor
- Three main regions
1) Emitter (E)
2) Base (B)
3) Collector (C) - Current in transistor
- Transistor: Structure and Action
- Types of Transistor
1) n-p-n transistor
2) p-n-p transistor - Action of n-p-n transistor
- Action of p-n-p transistor
- Current in transistor
- Types of Transistor
- Transistor as an Amplifier (Ce-configuration)
- npn Transistor as Common Emitter Amplifier
- Various gains in amplifiers
- Comparison between CB, CE and CC amplifier
- Feedback Amplifier and Transistor Oscillator
- Transistor as an oscillator: Construction, Working
- Gain and Berkhausen's criterion
- Uses
- Transistor as a Device
- Transistor and Characteristics of a Transistor
- Configurations of a transistor
i) Common-base configuration (CB)
ii) Common-emitter configuration (CE)
iii) Common-collector configuration (CC) - Types of characteristic curves
i) Input characteristics curve
ii) Output characteristics curve
iii) Transfer characteristics curve - Transistor characteristics in CE configuration
a) Input Characteristics
b) Output characteristics of a transistor: Active region, Cut-off region, Saturation region - Different modes of operation of a transistor
- Current-transfer Characteristics
- Transistor as a switch
- Configurations of a transistor
- Digital Electronics and Logic Gates
- Logic Gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR)
- Logic gates - NOT gate, OR Gate, AND Gate, NAND Gate, NOR Gate
- Basic Idea of Analog and Digital Signals
30 Communication System
- Introduction to Communication System
- Elements of a communication system
- Commonly used terms in electronic communication system
- Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves
- Earth's atmosphere
- Importance of radio waves in communication
- Space communication
- Ground wave propagation
- Sky wave propagation
- Space wave propagation
- Line of Sight Communication
- Basic Terminology Used in Electronic Communication Systems
- Noise, Attenuation and Amplification
- Transducer, Signal, Noise, Transmitter, Receiver, Attenuation, Amplification, Range, Bandwidth, Modulation, Demodulation, Repeater
- Elements of a Communication System
- Elements of a Communication System (Block Diagram Only)
- Introduction and Modes of Communication
1) Point-to-point communication
2) Broadcast
- Modulation and Its Necessity
- Carrier waves and their types: Sinusoidal signal and Pulse shaped signal
- Modulation
- Types of Modulation - frequency and amplitude
- Base Band Signals
- Factors affecting transmission of electronic signal in the audio frequency range
- Size of the antenna or aerial: Hertz and Marconi antenna
- Effective power radiated by an antenna
- Mixing up of signals from different transmitters
- Carrier Waves and Their Types
- Carrier waves and their types
- Modulation
- Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- Production of amplitude modulated wave
- Detection of amplitude modulated wave
- Modulation index or modulation factor in amplitude modulation
- Power and current relations in amplitude modulation wave
- Applications of amplitude modulation
- Drawbacks in amplitude modulation
- Frequency Modulation (FM)
- Frequency modulation (FM)
- Modulation index in frequency modulation
- Frequency deviation
- Advantages of frequency modulation
- Drawbacks in frequency modulation
- Bandwidth of Signals
- Bandwidth of Signals (Speech, TV and Digital Data)
- Bandwidth of Transmission Medium
