Cancer

Cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases of human beings and is a major cause of death all over the globe. More than a million Indians suffer from cancer, and a large number of them die from it annually. The mechanisms that underlie the development of cancer or oncogenic transformation of cells, its treatment, and control have been some of the most intense areas of research in biology and medicine.

• In our body, cell growth and differentiation are highly controlled and regulated.
• In cancer cells, there is a breakdown of these regulatory mechanisms.
• Normal cells show a property called contact inhibition, by virtue of which contact with other cells inhibits their uncontrolled growth. Cancer cells appear to have lost this property. As a result of this, cancerous cells just continue to divide, giving rise to masses of cells called tumours.

Tumours are of two types: benign and malignant.

1. Benign tumours normally remain confined to their original location and do not spread to other parts of the body and cause little damage.
2. The malignant tumours, on the other hand, are a mass of proliferating cells called neoplastic or tumour cells. These cells grow very rapidly, invading and damaging the surrounding normal tissues. As these cells actively divide and grow, they also starve the normal cells by competing for vital nutrients. Cells sloughed from such tumors reach distant sites through blood, and wherever they get lodged in the body, they start a new tumor there. This property called metastasis is the most feared property of malignant tumours.

1. The transformation of normal cells into cancerous neoplastic cells may be induced by physical, chemical, or biological agents.
2. These agents are called carcinogens. Ionising radiations like X-rays and gamma rays and non-ionising radiations like UV cause DNA damage leading to neoplastic transformation.
3. The chemical carcinogens present in tobacco smoke have been identified as a major cause of lung cancer.
4. Cancer-causing viruses called oncogenic viruses have genes called viral oncogenes.
5. Furthermore, several genes called cellular oncogenes (c-onc) or proto oncogenes have been identified in normal cells that, activated under certain conditions, could lead to the oncogenic transformation of the cells.

Early detection of cancers is essential, as it allows the disease to be treated successfully in many cases.

• Cancer detection is based on biopsy and histopathological studies of the tissue and blood and bone marrow tests for increased cell counts in the case of leukaemias.
• In a biopsy, a piece of the suspected tissue cut into thin sections is stained and examined under a microscope (histopathological studies) by a pathologist.
• Techniques like radiography (use of X-rays), CT (computed tomography), and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) are very useful to detect cancers of the internal organs.
• Computed tomography uses X-rays to generate a three-dimensional image of the internals of an object.
• MRI uses strong magnetic fields and non-ionising radiation to accurately detect pathological and physiological changes in the living tissue.
• Antibodies against cancer-specific antigens are also used for the detection of certain cancers.
• Techniques of molecular biology can be applied to detect genes in individuals with inherited susceptibility to certain cancers.

Identification of such genes, which predispose an individual to certain cancers, may be very helpful in the prevention of cancers. Such individuals may be advised to avoid exposure to particular carcinogens to which they are susceptible (e.g., tobacco smoke in the case of lung cancer).

The common approaches for the treatment of cancer are surgery, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy.

1. In radiotherapy, tumour cells are irradiated lethally, taking proper care of the normal tissues surrounding the tumour mass.
2. Several chemotherapeutic drugs are used to kill cancerous cells. Some of these are specific for particular tumors. The majority of drugs have side effects like hair loss, anemia, etc.
3. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery are the three main types of cancer treatment. Tumour cells have been shown to avoid detection and destruction by the immune system.
4. Therefore, the patients are given substances called biological response modifiers, such as α-interferon, which activate their immune system and help in destroying the tumour.

The younger graduates in this field can find a number of employment opportunities in government as well as private hospitals.

The scope of the immunology is immunotherapy, microbial immunology, clinical immunology, cellular immunology, allergy and immunology, translational immunology, transplantation immunology, neuro-inflammatory disorders, tumour immunology, vaccine immunology, inflammatory disorders, ocular immunology, and inflammation.