Topics
Matter
- Matter (Substance)
- Characteristics of Particles (Molecules) of Matter
- States of Matter
- The Solid State
- The Liquid State
- The Gaseous State
- Kinetic Theory of Matter
- Heat and change of physical state
- Concept of Melting (Fusion)
- Concept of Evaporation
- Concept of Boiling (Vaporization)
- Concept of Condensation (Liquefaction)
- Concept of Freezing (Solidification)
- Concept of Sublimation
- Concept of Desublimation (Deposition)
- Laws of Chemical Combination
- Law of Conservation of Mass
Physical and Chemical Changes
- Changes-Physical and Chemical
- Classification of Change: Slow and Fast Changes
- Classification of Change: Natural and Man-made Changes
- Classification of Change: Periodic and Non-periodic Changes
- Classification of Change: Reversible and Irreversible Changes
- Classification of Change: Physical Changes
- Chemical Reaction
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
- Matter (Substance)
- Natural substances
- Pure Substances
- Impure Substance
- Elements
- Types of Element: Metals
- Types of Element: Non-metal
- Type of Element: Metalloid
- Type of Elements: Noble Or Inert Gases
- Difference Between Metals, Non-metals, Metalloids, and Noble Gases
- Compound
- Mixture
- Types of Mixtures
- Formation of Mixtures
- Separation of Mixtures
- Methods of Separation
- Handpicking Method
- Magnetic Separation Method
- Gravitation Method
- Sublimation Method
- Solvent Extraction (Using a Separating Funnel Method)
- Crystallisation Method
- Sedimentation Method
- Decantation Method
- Filtration Method
- Evaporation Method
- Centrifugation Method
- Fractional Distillation Method
- Chromatography Method
- Diffusion Method
- Liquefaction Method
Atomic Structure
- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- History of Atom
- Dalton’s Atomic Theory
- J. J. Thomson’s Atomic Model
- Lord Rutherford’s Atomic model
- Discovery of Charged Particles in Matter
- Electrons (e)
- Protons (p)
- Nucleus
- Neutrons (n)
- Neils Bohr’s Model of an Atom
- Structure of an Atom
- Atomic Number (Z), Mass Number (A), and Number of Neutrons (n)
- Atomic Mass
- Isotopes
- Electronic Configuration of Atom
- Electronic Configuration of Atom
- Valency
- Variable Valency
- Ions (Radicals) and Its Types
Language of Chemistry
- Language of Chemistry
- Law of Conservation of Mass
- Symbols Used to Represent Atoms of Different Elements
- Valency
- Variable Valency
- Ions (Radicals) and Its Types
- Chemical Formula or Molecular Formula
- Molecular Formula of Compounds
- Chemical Formula or Molecular Formula
- Significance of Molecular/Chemical Formulae
- Chemical Equation
- Balancing Chemical Equation
Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reaction
- Chemical Reaction
- Chemical Reaction
- Indicators of a Chemical Change (Chemical Reaction)
- Conditions Necessary for Chemical Reactions
Types of Chemical Reactions
- Types of Chemical Change or Chemical Reaction
- Direct Combination (or Synthesis) Reaction
- Decomposition Reactions
- Single Displacement Reactions
- Double Displacement Reaction
- Types of Double Displacement: Precipitation Reaction
- Types of Double Displacement: Neutralization Reaction
- Neutralization Reactions in Our Daily Life
- Reactivity Series of Metals
- Energy Change in Chemical Reactions
- Oxides
Hydrogen
- Hydrogen
- Preparation of Hydrogen
- Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen
- Manufacture of Hydrogen
- Physical Properties of Hydrogen
- Chemical Properties of Hydrogen
- Tests for Hydrogen
- Uses of Hydrogen
- Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Reactions
Water
- Water: Our Lifeline
- Importance of Water
- Sources of Water
- Water Cycle
- Availability of Water
- Physical Properties of Water
- Anomalous Expansion of Water
- Water - a Universal Solvent
- Capacity of Water to Dissolve Substances - Saturated, Unsaturated, and Supersaturated Solutions
- Solution
- Suspension Solution
- Colloidal Solution
- Difference Between Solution, Colloidal Solution, and Suspension Solution
- Crystals and Crystallisation
- Hydrated and Anhydrous Substances
- Efflorescence, Hygroscopic, and Deliquescence Substances
- Chemical Properties of Water
- Classification of water: Soft and Hard Water
- Advantage and Disadvantage of Hard Water
- Removal of Hardness of Water
- Water Pollution and Its Causes
- Prevention of Water Pollution
- Effects of Water Pollution
- Water Management (Conservation of Water)
- Fresh Water Management
- Waste Water Management
- Water - a Universal Solvent
Carbon and Its Compounds
- Carbon: A Versatile Element
- Classification of Compounds of Carbon
Allotropy in carbon
Amorphous Forms of Carbon
- Non-crystalline/Amorphous Forms: Coal
- Non-crystalline/Amorphous Forms: Coke
- Non-crystalline/Amorphous Forms: Charcoal
- Non-crystalline/Amorphous Forms: Lamp Black (Soot)
- Non-crystalline/Amorphous Forms: Gas Carbon
Carbon Dioxide
- Carbon Dioxide
- Preparation of Carbon Dioxide
- Laboratory Preparation of Carbon Dioxide
- Properties of Carbon Dioxide
- Tests for Carbon Dioxide
- Importance of Carbon Dioxide
- Fire Extinguisher
- Carbon Dioxide
- Green House Effect
- Preventive Measures of Green House Effect
- Global Warming
- Preventive Measures of Global Warming
- Cause of Increased Percentage of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere
- Steps to Balance Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere
Carbon Monoxide - A Compound of Carbon
- Carbon Monoxide
- Formation of Carbon Monoxide and Its Addition to the Atmosphere
- Harmful Effects of Carbon Monoxide
- Precautions and Remedies for Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
- Reducing Action of Carbon Monoxide
- Metalloid
- General Properties of Metalloid
Metalloid:
Metalloids are a unique group of chemical elements that exhibit characteristics falling between metals and non-metals. They are often called semi-metals because they share traits from both categories. This makes them distinct and important for a variety of scientific and industrial applications.
Unlike pure metals, which are known for being shiny, conductive, and malleable, or nonmetals, which are often dull, brittle, and poor conductors, metalloids display a blend of these features. They are commonly used in fields such as electronics and technology, especially because of their role as semiconductors-materials that can conduct electricity under certain conditions, which is crucial for making computer chips and solar panels.
The seven most widely recognised metalloids are:
- Boron (B)
- Silicon (Si)
- Germanium (Ge)
- Arsenic (As)
- Antimony (Sb)
- Tellurium (Te)
- Polonium (Po)
General Properties of Metalloid:
| 1. Metallic Appearance | Metalloids usually look shiny, like metals. |
| 2. Brittleness | Despite their metallic look, metalloids are brittle and can break easily. |
| 3. State | They are generally solid at room temperature. |
| 4. Electrical Conductivity | They have intermediate electrical conductivity, between that of metals and nonmetals, and can act as semiconductors. |
| 5. Chemical Behavior | Metalloids generally behave like nonmetals in chemical reactions, though not very strongly. |
| 6. Ionization and Electronegativity | They have intermediate ionisation energies and electronegativity values. |
| 7. Oxides | Metalloids form amphoteric or weakly acidic oxides. |
| 8. Alloy Formation | They can form metallic alloys with other metals. |
| 9. Intermediate Properties | Many of their physical and chemical characteristics are a blend of both metal and non-metal traits. |
If you would like to contribute notes or other learning material, please submit them using the button below.
