MHT CET Physics Syllabus: Check the Latest Syllabus

• Measurement
• The need for measurement in daily life

• Introduction
• Types of Physical Quantities

• Units
• Types of units : Fundamental and Derived units

• Introduction
• Types of Unit System

• Length
• Units of length
• SI Unit of length
• Subunit of metre
• Multiple units of metre
• Measurements of large distance:
  (i) Parallax Method: Parallax or parallactic angle (θ)
• Method of measuring very small distances (Size of molecules)
• Range of Lengths

• Fermi (f)
• Angstrom (A°)
• Nanometre (nm)
• Micron (micrometre μm)
• Millimetre (mm)
• Centimetre (cm)

• Astronomical unit
• Light year
• Parsec

• Use of a metre ruler to measure length

1. Description of a metre ruler
2. Measurement of length of an object with a metre ruler
3. Parallax Error

• Use of measuring tape to measure length

1. Description of a measuring tape

• Rage of Mass

• Time
• SI unit of Time
• Smaller unit of Time
• Bigger unit of Time

• Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis
• Uses of Dimensional Analysis
• Limitations of Dimensional Analysis

• Types of errors in measurement:

1. Systematic errors
    (i) Instrumental errors
   (ii) Error due to imperfection in experimental technique
   (iii) Procedural errors
   (iv) Personal errors
2. Random errors
3. Least count error
4. Absolute error
5. Mean absolute error
6. Relative error or fractional error
7. Percentage error
8. Combination of percentage errors
   (a) Error of a sum or a difference
   (b) Error of a product or a quotient
   (c) Error in case of a measured quantity raised to a power

• Absolute error
• Mean absolute error
• Relative error
• Percentage error

1. Errors in sum and in difference
2. Errors in product and in division
3. Errors due to the power (index) of measured quantity

• Order of magnitude
• Significant figures
• Addition and subtraction of significant figures
• Multiplication and division of significant figures
• Rules for limiting the result to the required number of significant figures
• Rules for arithmetic operations with significant figures
• Rounding-off in the measurement

• Vector Analysis
• Scalars
• Vectors
• Types of vectors

1. Zero vector (Null vector)
2. Resultant vector
3. Negative vector (opposite vector)
4. Equal vector
5. Position vector
6. Unit vector

1. Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
2. Addition and Subtraction of Vectors
3. Triangle Law for Vector Addition
4. Law of parallelogram of vectors

• Resolution of a Vector
• Unit Vector

1. Scalar Product (Dot Product)
2. Vector Product (cross product)

• Characteristics of Vector Product

1. Differential Calculus
2. Integral calculus

• Stress
• Types of stress
  1) Longitudinal stress: Tensile stress and Compressive stress
  2) Hydraulic or volume stress
  3) Shear or tangential stress
  4) Breaking stress
• Strain
• Types of strain
  1) Longitudinal (tensile or linear) strain
  2) Volume strain
  3) Shear strain

1. Young’s modulus (Y)
2. Bulk modulus (K)
3. Modulus of rigidity (η)
4. Poisson’s ratio

• Origin of friction
• Types of friction

1. Static friction
2. Kinetic friction
3. Rolling friction

• Ampere: Pioneer of Electric Current Measurement
• Electric Current

• Introduction
• Limitations and Applications

• Introduction
• Applications of Electrical Energy
• Storage of Electrical Energy

• Introduction of Power
• Commercial Units of Energy

• Factors affecting the e.m.f. of a cell

• Combination of cells in series and parallel
  1) Series combination of cells
  ⇒ Cells of different e.m.f's and internal resistances connected in series
  ⇒ For n identical cells in series (Assisting mode)
  2) Parallel combination of cells
  ⇒ For n identical parallel cells
  3) Mixed combination of cells

• Introduction of Electric Cell
• Types of Electric Cells
• Experiment

• The magnetic field lines
• Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
• The dipole in a uniform magnetic field
• The electrostatic analog
• Magnetic potential

• Earth's magnetic field
• Important terms
  1) Geographic axis
  2) Geographic meridian
  3) Geographic equator
  4) Magnetic axis
  5) Magnetic meridian
  6) Magnetic equator
• Effects of Earth's magnetic field

1. Displacement
2. Path length
3. Average velocity
4. Average speed
5. Instantaneous velocity
6. Instantaneous speed Graphical Study of Motion
7. Acceleration
8. 8. Relative Velocity

• Equations of Motion for Uniform Acceleration

• Average and Instantaneous Velocities
• Average and Instantaneous Acceleration
• Equations of Motion for an Object travelLing a Plane with Uniform Acceleration  
• Relative Velocity
• Projectile Motion

• Uniform and Non-Uniform Circular Motion
• Activity
• Uniform Circular Motion and Centripetal Force
• Experiment
• Variables in Circular Motion

• Projectile
• Projectile Motion
• Equation of path of a projectile
• Oblique projectile

1. Time of flight
2. Maximum height of a projectile
3. Horizontal range

• Horizontal projectile

1. Trajectory of horizontal projectiie
2. Instantaneous velocity of horizontal projectile
3. Direction of instantaneous velocity
4. Time of flight
5. Horizontal range

• Fundamental Forces in Nature
• Contact and Non-Contact Forces
• Real and Pseudo Forces
• Conservative and Non-Conservative Forces and Concept of Potential Energy
• Work Done by a Variable Force

• Collisions
• Features of collision
• Types of collisions
  1) Elastic collision
  2) Inelastic collision
• Coefficient of restitution
• Collisions in One Dimension - Elastic collision in one dimension, Inelastic collision in one dimension
• Collisions in Two Dimensions - Elastic collision in two dimensions, Inelastic collision in two dimensions

• Impulse of force
• Applications of impulse

• To prove that the moment of a couple is independent of the axis of rotation

• Stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium

• Centre of Gravity
• Centre of gravity of some regular uniform objects
• Centre of gravity and the balance point
• Determination of centre of gravity of an irregular lamina by the method of balance using a plumb line
• Real-Life Applications of Centre of Gravity

1. Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
2. Kepler’s First Law: The Law of Ellipses
3. Kepler’s Second Law: The Law of Equal Areas
4. Kepler’s Third Law: The Law of Harmonies
5. Kepler’s Laws and Newton’s Explanation

• Newton’s Law of Gravitation
• Gravitational Constant (G)
• Effects of Newton’s Law of Gravitation
• Centre of Mass and Gravity

• Introduction
• Value of g on the Surface of the Earth
• Variation in the Value of g

1. Variation in g with Altitude
2. Variation in g with Depth
3. Variation in g with Latitude and Rotation of the Earth

• Expression for Gravitational Potential Energy
• Connection of potential energy formula with mgh
• Concept of Potential
• Escape Velocity

• Projection of Satellite
• Weightlessness in a Satellite
• Time Period of a Satellite
• Binding Energy of an orbiting satellite

• Introduction
• Experiment

• Absolute zero and absolute temperature
• Ideal Gas Equation

• Linear Expansion
• Areal Expansion
• Volume expansion
• Relation between Coefficients of Expansion

• Introduction
• Specific Heat Capacity of Different Substances
• Experiment

• Calorimetry
• Principle of calorimetry
• Temperature of mixture in different cases

• Analysis of observations

1. From point A to B
2. From point B to D

• Sublimation
• Phase Diagram

1. Vapourisation curve l - v
2. Fusion curve l - s
3. Sublimation curve s - v
4. Triple point

• Gas and Vapour
• Latent Heat

• Conduction  

1. Thermal Conductivity
2. Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity
3. Thermal Resistance (RT)
4. Applications of Thermal Conductivity

• Convection

1. Applications of Convection
2. Free and Forced Convection

• Radiation

• Newton's law of cooling
• Graphical representation
• Applications 
• Factors affecting the rate of cooling
• Limitations of Newton's law of cooling

• Amplitude (A)
• Wavelength
• Period (T)
• Double periodicity
• Frequency (n)
• Velocity (v)
• Phase and phase difference
• Characteristics of progressive wave

• The speed of transverse waves
• The speed of longitudinal waves
• Newton’s formula for velocity of sound
• Laplace’s correction
• Factors affecting speed of sound

1. Effect of pressure on velocity of sound
2. Effect of temperature on speed of sound
3. Effect of humidity on speed of sound

• Superposition principle
• Some important terms
  1) Phase
  2) Phase difference
  3) Path difference
• Resultant amplitude due to superposition
• Resultant intensity due to superposition

1. Acoustics observed in nature
2. Medical applications of acoustics
3. Other applications of acoustics

• Audible sound or human response to sound

1. Pitch
2. Timbre (sound quality)
3. Loudness

• Musical Sound
• Source Moving and Listener Stationary
• Listener Approaching a Stationary Source with Velocity v_L
• Both Source and Listener are Moving
• Common Properties between Doppler Effect of Sound and Light
• Major Differences between Doppler Effects of Sound and Light
• Effect of wind velocity on Doppler's effect in sound
• Applications of Doppler's effect

1. Mechanical waves
2. EM waves
3. Matter waves

• Light and its sources
• Optics
• Ray optics

• Corpuscular Nature
• Wave Nature
• Dual Nature of Light

1. Ray optics or geometrical optics
2. Wave optics or physical optics
3. Particle nature of light

Cartesian sign convention

• Reflection from a plane surface
• Reflection from curved mirrors

• Total Internal Reflection
• Essential conditions for the total internal reflection
• Total internal reflection in nature - optical fibres
• Rainbow production
• Refraction and total internal reflection of light rays at different angles of incidence
• Consequences of total internal refraction
• Applications of total internal reflection

• Dispersion of Light Through a Prism
• Newton’s Disc and the Colours of Light
• Wavelength and Speed of Light in Different Media
• Activity 1
• Activity 2
• Activity 3

• Mirage
• Rainbow

• Chromatic aberration
• Spherical aberration

• Point charge
• Test charge

• Additive Nature of Charge
• Quantization of Charge
• Conservation of Charge
• Forces between Charges

• Scalar form of Coulomb’s Law
• Relative Permittivity or Dielectric Constant
• Definition of Unit Charge from the Coulomb’s Law
• Coulomb’s Law in Vector Form

• Electric Field Intensity due to a Point Charge in a Material Medium
• Practical Way of Calculating Electric Field
• Electric Lines of Force
• Electric field intensity

• Electric Flux
• Tube of force
• Tube of induction
• Normal Electric Induction (NEI)
• Total Normal Electric Induction (TNEI)

• The field of an electric dipole
• The physical significance of dipoles
• Couple Acting on an Electric Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field
• Electric Intensity at a Point due to an Electric Dipole
• Electric dipole moment (p)
• Electric field intensity·due to an electric dipole at a point on its axial line
• Electric field intensity due to an electric dipole at a point on the equatorial line
• Electric field intensity at a general point due to short electric dipole

• Continuous distribution of charges
• Types of charge distribution
  1) Linear charge distribution
  2) Surface charge distribution
  3) Volume charge distribution

• Conductors (Metals)
• Insulators
• Semiconductors

• Intrinsic Semiconductors
• Holes in Semiconductors

• Doping
• Types of doping
  1) Pentavalent dopants
  2) Trivalent dopants
• Extrinsic semiconductors
• Types of Extrinsic semiconductors
  1) n-type semiconductor
  2) p-type semiconductor
• The conductivity of semiconductors (σ)
• Charge neutrality of extrinsic semiconductors

• p-n junction
• Formation of p-n junction

• Introduction
• Comparison between N-Type Semiconductor and P- Type Semiconductor

• E.M.F. and Internal Resistance of Cell

• Sources of electromagnetic waves: Hertz's experiment
• Nature of electromagnetic waves
• Speed of electromagnetic waves
• Production and properties of electromagnetic waves
• Electromagnetic Waves and Their Characteristics
  1) Energy density
  2) Poynting vector
  3) Momentum

• Amplitude Modulation (AM)
• Production of amplitude modulated wave
• Detection of amplitude modulated wave
• Modulation index or modulation factor in amplitude modulation
• Power and current relations in amplitude modulation wave
• Applications of amplitude modulation
• Drawbacks in amplitude modulation

• Introduction

• Kinematics of Circular Motion
• Dynamics of Circular Motion (Centripetal Force and Centrifugal Force)

1. Centripetal force (CPF)
2. Centrifugal force (c.f.f.)

• Vehicle Along a Horizontal Circular Track
• Well (or Wall) of Death
• Vehicle on a Banked Road

1. Most safe speed
2. Banking angle
3. Speed limits

• Conical Pendulum

• Point Mass Undergoing Vertical Circular Motion Under Gravity

1. Case I: Mass tied to a string
2. Case II: Mass tied to a rod

• Sphere of Death
• Vehicle at the Top of a Convex OverBridge

• Moment of Inertia of a Uniform Ring
• Moment of Inertia of a Uniform Disc

• Theorem of Perpendicular Axes
• Theorem of Parallel Axes
• Application of perpendicular and parallel axes theorem on different regular bodies

• Expression for Angular Momentum in Terms of Moment of Inertia

• Ballet dancers
• Diving in a swimming pool (during competition)

• Kinetic Energy of Rolling Motion
• Rolling motion on an inclined plane

• Introduction
• Unit of pressure
• Experiment

• Introduction
• Experiment 1
• Experiment 2

• Applications of Pascal's law

1. Hydraulic press
2. Hydraulic lift
3. Hydraulic brakes

• Surface Tension
• Force due to surface tension
• Factors affecting surface tension
  1) Nature of liquid
  2) Impurities
  3) Temperature
  4) Electrification
• Applications of surface tension

1. Intermolecular force
2. Range of molecular force
3. Sphere of influence
4. Surface film
5. Free surface of a liquid
6. Surface tension on the basis of molecular theory

• Surface Tension
• Surface Energy
• Relation between the surface energy and surface tension

• Angle of contact
• Characteristics of angle of contact
• Factors affecting angle of contact (θ)
  i) Nature of solid and liquid in contact
  ii) Impurities
  iii) Inclination
  iv) Temperature
• Shape of liquid meniscus
• Shape of liquid drop

1. Effect of impurities
2. Effect of temperature

1. Plane liquid surface
2. Convex liquid surface
3. Concave liquid surface

• Capillary action
• Ascent formula
• Capillary fall
• Capillary rise

• Expression for capillary rise or fall

• Method (I): Using pressure difference
• Method (II): Using forces

• Viscosity
• Newton's law of viscosity
• Coefficient of viscosity
• Applications of coefficient of viscosity

• Applications of Bernoulli's theorem

1. Action of atomiser
2. Blowing of roofs by wind storms
3. Venturimeter
4. Blood Flow and Heart Attack
5. Dynamic Lift
   (a) Ball moving without spin
   (b) Ball moving with spin
   (c) Aerofoil or lift on aircraft wing

• Gases
• Behaviour and characteristic properties of gases

1. Composition of gases
2. Gases have neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape
3. Gases exert pressure in all directions
4. Gases are highly compressible
5. Gases are highly expansible
6. Gases have low density
7. Gases have a natural tendency to mix with one another (diffusion)
8. Gases can be liquefied

• Free path

• Mean free path

• The pressure exerted by the molecules depends on:
  (i) Number density
  (ii) Mass of the molecule
  (iii) Mean square speed

• Impact of v_rms in nature:
  1. Moon has no atmosphere
  2. No hydrogen in Earth’s atmosphere

• Kinetic energy of gas
• Different forms of K.E. of gas
• Relation between K.E. and temperature of the gas

• Law of equipartition of energy
• Energy of a system of the degree of freedom (f)

• Introduction
• Specific Heat Capacity of Different Substances
• Experiment

• Interaction of Thermal Radiation and Matter

• Ferry’s Blackbody

• Coefficient of Emission or Emissivity

• Heat
• Internal Energy
• Work: P-V diagrams

• First law of thermodynamics
• Formulation of first law of thermodynamics
• First law of thermodynamics for various processes

1. Isothermal process
2. Adiabatic process
3. Isochoric process
4. Isobaric process

• Justification
• Mathematical expression
• Some useful conclusions are drawn from the law
• Limitations
• Expressions for the work done by an ideal gas under different conditions

• Thermodynamic Equilibrium
  1) Mechanical equilibrium
  2) Chemical equilibrium
  3) Thermal equilibrium
• Equation of state
• Thermodynamic state variables
  1) Extensive variables
  2) Intensive variables

• Thermodynamic Process
• Work Done During a Thermodynamic Process
• Heat Added During a Thermodynamic Process

• Heat engine

• Source
• Working substance
• Sink
• Working

• Efficiency of heat engine

• Refrigerator: Heat Flow from a Colder Region to a Hotter Region

• Source
• Working substance
• Sink
• Working

• Performance of a Refrigerator
• Air conditioner
• Heat Pump

• Clausius' Statement
• Kelvin Planck's Statement
• Entropy

• Significance of Reversibility in Thermodynamics
• Maximum Efficiency of a Heat Engine and Carnot’s Cycle
• Carnot Refrigerator
• The Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Carnot Cycle

• Classification of Thermodynamic Processes

1. Quasi-static (nearly static) process
2. Isothermal process
3. Adiabatic process
4. Isobaric process
5. Isochoric process
6. Polytropic process
7. Cyclic process
8. Non-cyclic process
9. Reversible process
10. Irreversible process

• Expressions of displacement (x), velocity (v) and acceleration (a) at time t
• Extreme values of displacement (x), velocity (v) and acceleration (a)

1. Displacement
2. Velocity
3. Acceleration

• Amplitude of S.H.M.
• Period of S.H.M.
• Frequency of S.H.M.

• Graphical Representation of S.H.M.

1. Particle executing S.H.M., starting from mean position, towards positive
2. Particle performing S.H.M., starting from the positive extreme position

• Conclusions from graph

• Second’s Pendulum

• Magnet Vibrating in Uniform Magnetic Field

• Superposition of Two Wave Pulses of Equal Amplitude and Same Phase Moving towards Each Other
• Superposition of Two Wave Pulses of Equal Amplitude and Opposite Phases Moving towards Each Other
• Amplitude of the Resultant Wave Produced due to Superposition of Two Waves

• Properties of progressive waves

• Formation of Stationary Waves
• Equation of Stationary Wave on a Stretched String

1. Condition for node
2. Condition for antinode

• Properties of Stationary Waves
• Comparison of Progressive Waves and Stationary Waves

• End Correction
• Vibrations of air column in a pipe closed at one end
• Vibrations of air column in a pipe open at both ends
• Practical Determination of End Connection
• Vibrations Produced in a String
• Laws of a Vibrating String

1. Law of length
2. Law of tension
3. Law of linear density

1. Verification of first law of a vibrating string
2. Verification of second law of a vibrating string
3. Verification of third law of a vibrating string

• Analytical method to determine beat frequency
• Applications of beats

1. Loudness
2. Pitch
3. Quality or timbre

1. Stringed instruments
2. Wind instruments
3. Percussion instruments

• Wave Optics
• Newton's Corpuscular Theory of light
• Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory
• Huygens' Wave Theory of light
• Merits of Huygens' Wave Theory
• Limitations of Huygens' wave theory
• Properties of Luminiferous Ether

• Corpuscular Nature
• Wave Nature
• Dual Nature of Light

1. Ray optics or geometrical optics
2. Wave optics or physical optics
3. Particle nature of light

• Primary and Secondary Sources of Light
• Wavefront
• Huygens’ Principle

• Dependence of Wavelength on the Refractive Index of the Medium

• Polarization by Reflection: Brewster’s Law
• Polarization by Scattering

• Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction
• Experimental set up for Fraunhofer diffraction
• Fraunhofer Diffraction at a Single Slit
• Comparison of Young’s Double Slit Interference Pattern and Single Slit Diffraction Pattern
• Double slit diffraction pattern

• Rayleigh’s Criterion for Limit of Resolution (or for Resolving Power)
• Resolving Power of a Microscope
• Resolving Power of a Telescope

• Young's double-slit experiment (YDSE)
• Expression for fringe width from YDSE
• Shift of fringes

• Electric Field Intensity due to Uniformly Charged Spherical Shell or Hollow Sphere
• Electric Field Intensity due to an Infinitely Long Straight Charged Wire
• Electric Field due to a Charged Infinite Plane Sheet

• Expression for potential energy
• Units of potential energy
• Concept of Potential
• Relation between electric field and electric potential
• Zero potential

1. Electric potential due to a point charge
2. Electric potential due to an electric dipole
3. Electrostatics potential due to a system of charges

• Equipotential surface
• Properties of equipotential surface
• Shapes of equipotential surface due to various charge distributions

• Potential energy of a system of 2 point charges
• Potential energy for a system of N point charges
• Potential energy of a single charge in an external field
• Potential energy of a system of two charges in an external field
• Potential energy of a dipole in an external field

1. Conductors and Insulators
2. Free charges and Bound charges inside materials

• Polar dielectrics
• Non Polar dielectrics
• Polarization of a non-polar dielectric in an external electric field
• Polarization of a polar dielectric in an external electric field
• Reduction of electric field due to polarization of a dielectric

• Combination of Capacitors in Series and in Parallel
• Wheatstone's bridge of capacitors

• Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor without dielectric medium
• Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor with dielectric slab between the plates

• Need for displacement current
• Ampere-Maxwell's circuital law
• Displacement current
• Conduction current
• Origin of electromagnetic waves
• Maxwell's equations
  1) Gauss' law in electrostatics
  2) Gauss' law in magnetism
  3) Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction
  4) Ampere - Maxwell's law

• Principle

• Kirchhoff’s First Law: (Current law/Junction law)
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

• Wheatstone bridge
• Balanced bridge
• Unbalanced bridge
• Different Measuring Instruments

• Potentiometer Principle
• Applications to measure potential difference

1. To Compare emf. of Cells
2. To Find Internal Resistance (r) of a Cell
3. Application of potentiometer

1. Voltage Divider
2. Audio Control
3. Potentiometer as a senor

• Advantages of a Potentiometer Over a Voltmeter

1. Merits
2. Demerits

• Introduction
• Experiment 1
• Experiment 2
• Application

• Moving Coil Galvanometer
• Moving Coil Galvanometer Conversion to Voltmeter and Ammeter
• Moving Coil Galvanometer Current Sensitivity
• Types of Moving Coil Galvanometer

1. Suspended type MCG: Principle, Construction
2. Pivoted type MCG

• Sensitivity of MCG
• Current sensitivity (S_i)
• Voltage Sensitivity (S_v)
• Factors affecting the sensitivity of MCG
• Accuracy of MCG
• Conversion of MCG into ammeter
• Conversion of MCG into voltmeter

• Cyclotron Accelerator

1. Straight wire
2. Arbitrarily shaped wire

• Torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform magnetic field
• Circular current loop as a magnetic dipole
• The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron

• Current in a straight, long wire

• Magnetic field due to a long straight solenoid
• Magnetic field due to a toroidal solenoid

• Location of Magnetic poles of a Current Carrying Loop

• Magnetic Moment of an Electron Revolving Around the Nucleus of an Atom

• Magnetisation
• Magnetic Intensity
• Relation between permeability and susceptibility

• Classification of magnetic material: Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, Ferromagnetic
• Atomic theory of magnetism
• Magnetism on the basis of electron theory
  1) Diamagnetism
  2) Paramagnetism
  3) Ferromagnetism

• Permanent magnet
• Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths
• Difference between Permanent magnet and electromagnet
• Advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet

• Introduction
• Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
• Application

• Faraday’s laws of Electromagnetic Induction
• Factors affecting the magnitude of induced e.m.f.
• The direction of induced e.m.f.

1. Fleming’s right-hand rule
2. Lenz's Law and Faraday's Law

• Applications of Lenz's law

1. Motion of a Magnet Toward a Loop
2. Energy Conservation in Lenz's Law
3. Lenz's Law and Faraday's Law

1. Translational motion of a conductor
2. Motional emf in a rotating bar

• Eddy Current
• Drawbacks
• Applications 
  1) Dead-beat galvanometer
  2) Electric-brakes
  3) Induction furnace
  4) Speedometer
  5) Energy meter
  6) Induction motor

• Transformer
• Principle of transformer
• Efficiency of transformer (η)
• Losses in transformer
  1) Cu loss (I²R)
  2) Eddy current loss
  3) Hysteresis loss
  4) Magnetic flux leakage
  5) Humming losses

• A.C. Generator (A. C. dynamo)
• Principle of A.C. generator

1. Average or mean value of AC
2. Root-mean-square (or rms) value

1. AC voltage applied to a resistor
2. AC voltage applied to an Inductor 
3. AC voltage applied to a capacitor
4. AC circuit containing resistance inductance and capacitance in series (LCR circuit)

• Graph of e and i versus ωt
• Phasor diagram for a purely resistive load

• Graph of e and i versus ωt
• Phasor diagram for the purely capacitive circuit
• Capacitive Reactance
• Comparison between resistance and reactance

• Graph of e and i versus ωt
• Phasor diagram for purely inductive circuit
• Inductive Reactance (X_L)

• LCR Series Circuit
• Phasor-diagram solution
• Analytical solution
• Resonance  - Sharpness of resonance

1. Average power associated with resistance (power in AC circuit with resistance)
2. Average power associated with an inductor
3. Average power associated with a capacitor
4. Average power in LCR Circuit

1. Series resonance circuit
2. Parallel resonance circuit

• Experimental Set-up of Photoelectric Effect
• Observations from Experiments on Photoelectric Effect
• Failure of Wave Theory to Explain the Observations from Experiments on Photoelectric Effect
• Einstein’s Postulate of Quantization of Energy and the Photoelectric Equation
• Dual behaviour of electromagnetic spectrum

• Introduction
• Rutherford’s Nuclear atomic model
• Merits and Demerits

• Wave particle duality of electromagnetic radiation
• Line emission spectrum of hydrogen
• Radii of the Orbits
• Energy of the Electrons
• Limitations of Bohr’s Model
• De Broglie’s Explanation

• Constituents of a Nucleus
• Units for measuring masses of atoms and subatomic particles
• Sizes of Nuclei
• Nuclear Forces

• Binding energy
• Binding energy per nucleon
• Binding energy curve
• Importance of binding energy curve

• Alpha Decay
• Beta Decay
• Gamma Decay
• Rate of decay
• Rate law
• Expression for decay constant
• Half life of radioelement (t_1/2)
• Graphical representation of decay
• Units of radioactivity

• Explanation of the line spectrum of hydrogen using Bohr theory
• Bohr's theory and atomic spectrum of hydrogen
• Ionization energy

• Introduction
• Comparison between N-Type Semiconductor and P- Type Semiconductor

• Half Wave Rectifier
• Full Wave Rectifier
• Ripple Factor
• Filter circuits
• A capacitor filter

• Zener Diode

• Emitter
• Base
• Collector
• Depletion region
• Current
• Resistance
• Working of a p-n-p transistor
• Transistor configuration

1. The Common Emitter (CE) Configuration
2. The Common Emitter (CE) characteristic
3. Transistor as an Amplifier

• Working of the amplifier

• Zener Breakdown
• Zener Diode Characteristic

1. Zener diode as a voltage regulator
2. Working of a Zener Regulator
3. Applications of Zener Diode

• Photo Diode
• Solar Cell or Photovoltaic Cell 
• Structure of a Solar Cell

1. Working of a solar cell
2. V-I Characteristic of solar Cell or Photovoltaic cell
3. Criteria for selection of material for solar cell
4. Use of Solar cell

• Light Emitting Diode / LED

1. Working of a LED
2. I-V Characteristics Light Emitting Diodes
3. Advantages of LED
4. Disadvantages of LED
5. Application of LED