Topics
Field Visit
Location and Extent
Physiography and Drainage
- Physical Divisions of India
- The North Indian Mountains
- The Himalayas
- North Indian Plains
- The Peninsular Indian Plateau
- The Indian Coastal Plains
- The Indian Islands
- Physiography of Brazil
- Brazilian Highlands
- The Great Escarpment in Brazil
- Coastline of Brazil
- Brazilian Plains
- Brazilian Island
- Drainage of Brazil
- Drainage Systems of India
- Himalayan Rivers
- Peninsular Rivers
Climate
Natural Vegetation and Wildlife
Population
Human Settlements
Economy and Occupations
Tourism, Transport and Communication
Geography - Physical Divisions of India
Identification of Physical divisions
- Identification of Physical Divisions
Geography - North Indian Mountains
Himalayas
Associated mountains
- Concept of Associated Mountains
Geography - North Indian Plain Region
Deserts
- Desert
Western Plains
- Concept of Western Plains
Central Plains
- Concept on Central Plains
Delta region
- Concept of Delta Region
Eastern Plains
- Concept of Eastern Plains
Geography - Peninsular Plateau Region
Chhotta Nagpur Plateau
- Concept for Chhotta Nagpur Plateau
Malwa Plateau
- Concept on Malwa Plateau
Maharashtra Plateau
- Concept for Maharashtra Plateau
Karnataka Plateau
- Concept for Karnataka Plateau
Telangana Plateau
- Concept for Telangana Plateau
Geography - Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats
Eastern Ghats
- Concept on Eastern Ghats
Sahyadries
- Concept on Sahyadries
Geography - Coastal Region
- Geography - Coastal Region
Eastern coastal plain
- Coastal Region - Eastern Coastal Plain
- Concept for Western Coastal Plain
Western coastal plain
- Concept for Western Coastal Plain
Geography - Indian Islands
- Geography - Indian Islands
Eastern Islands
- Indian Islands - Eastern Islands
Western Islands
- Indian Islands - Western Islands
Geography - Practical 1
Cartography
- Concept on Cartography
Geography - Practical 2
Two dimensional diagrams
- Two Dimensional Shapes
One dimensional diagrams
- Concept on One Dimensional Diagrams
Economics - Introduction of an Economy
Introduction of an Economy
- Economy
- Types of Economy
- Main Features of Economy
Economics - Basic problems of an economy solution
Solutions
- Concept for Capitalism
- Concept for Socialism
- Mixed Economy
Problems
- Introduction of Basic Problems of an Economy
- Problems- for Whom to Produce
- Problem - How Much to Produce
- Problem - by Whom to Produce
Economics - Inflation
Introduction
- Introduction of Inflation
Effects of inflation
- Effects of Inflation
Measures of Inflation
- Measures of Inflation
Causes of inflation
- Causes of Inflation
Economics - Public distribution system and consumer protection
- Measures of Inflation
Public Distribution system - meaning and explanation
- Public Distribution System - Meaning and Explanation
Introduction
- Introduction of Public Distribution System and Consumer Protection
Objectives of Public Distribution system
- Objectives of Public Distribution System
Remedial Measures
- Remedial Measures Public Distribution System and Consumer Protection
Consumer Protection
- Consumer Protection - Rights and Duties of Cunsumer, Food Adulteration
Drawbacks of Public Distribution system
- Drawbacks of Public Distribution System
Progress of Public Distribution system
- Progress of Public Distribution System
- Personal Communication
- Mass Communication Systems
- Satellite Communication
Notes
Communication in India
- India has a large longitudinal extent as well. The time difference between the two most extreme points is 2 hours or 120 minutes. There is only one standard time zone in India. The Indian Standard Time (IST) is located at 82.5° E longitude. It passes through Allahabad. It is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of Greenwich Meridian Time (GMT).
- With the explosion of electronic media, the telecom industry has turn out to be one of the fastest growing sectors. More digitally enhanced communication devices, such as mobile phones, the Internet, and satellites, are paving the way for wider reach of communication technology in this era of information and communication.
- India is one of the largest users of smartphones and internet. India has come a long way in this field with the development of our own satellites.
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Do you Know?ISRO ( India Space Research Organisation) looks after the space launching programmes of India. Till date, this institute has established many records in the satellite launch. |
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Do you Know?The Brazilian Space Agency ( AEB) is the civilian authority in Brazil responsible for the country's burgeoning space program. The Brazilian Space Agency has pursued a policy of joint technological development with more advanced space programs. Initially, it relied heavily on the United States but now it is working with China, India, Russia, and Ukraine. |
Example
It is 12 noon at Delhi. What would be the local time in Brasilia?
Sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Thus sun moves from east to west as the earth rotates from west to east. Earth can be seen as a sphere of 360 ̊. Earth rotates this 360 ̊ in 24 hours.
Rotation of earth in 1 hour = 360/24 = 15 ̊
The time in India is 12.00 noon. It has the longitudinal time zone in the coordinates 82.5 ̊ E. The longitudinal coordinates that determine the time of Brasilia are 47.52 ̊ W.
The difference in longitude between Brasilia and India = 47.52 ̊ W + 82.5 ̊ E
= 130.02 ̊ E
Difference in time = 130.02/15 = 8.6 hours
= 8 hours + (0.6*60) minutes
= 8 hours 36 minutes (approx.)
Since the earth rotates from west to east, time zone at 82.5 ̊ E will be ahead of 47.52 ̊ W. Thus Brasilian time would be behind the Indian time by 8 hours 36 minutes.
Time in Brasilia = 3.24 AM
Example
Arun called his mother from Digboi at 7 am. At what local time will his mother pick up his call at Jaisalmer?
Sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Thus sun moves from east to west as the earth rotates from west to east. Earth can be seen as a sphere of 360 ̊. Earth rotates this 360 ̊ in 24 hours.
Rotation of earth in 1 hour = 360/24 = 15 ̊
Arun calls from Digboi, Assam at 7.00 AM. The longitudinal coordinates that determine the time of Brasilia are 95.63 ̊ E. Jaisalmer is at the longitudinal time zone coordinate of 70.9 ̊ E.
The difference in longitude between Brasilia and New Delhi = 95.63 ̊ E – 70.9 ̊ E
= 24.73 ̊ E
Difference in time = 24.73/15 = 1.64 hours
= 1 hour + (0.64*60) minutes
= 1 hour + 38 minutes (approx.)
Since the earth rotates from west to east, time zone at 70.9 ̊ E will be ahead of 95.63 ̊ E. Thus when the time would be ahead in Jaisalmer by 1 hour 38 minutes. But since India is following a standard time at the longitudinal coordinate 82.5 ̊ E, the whole country will have the same time zone that is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of the Greenwich Time. Thus the local time at Jaisalmer would be 7 AM.
Example
On what basis will you decide how many standard times should be there in a country?
Standard time of a country is the time of the country determined legally and is binding on all the regions. It is the harmonisation of different time zones in a geographical area rather than using the solar time. It was established in the 19th century to enable weather forecasting and set railway timings. Some of the importance of following a standard time is should be considered while deciding the number of standard times to be followed in any country:
- It helps in avoiding confusions of time differences that can happen between the extreme points in the same country.
- It helps in properly scheduling the railway and the airway timings.
- It helps in making defined schedules for meeting with the delegates from other foreign countries.
- It helps to coordinate activities and reduces the loss of time incurred in adjusting the time zones.
- It helps to improve communication across the same country.
Example
Study the map given in figure and answer the following questions.
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- Calculate the difference between the two longitudinal extremes of mainland India. Is it more than Brazil?
- Which longitude in India is called the Indian Standard Time (IST)?
- What is the difference between this time and the GMT?
- How many local times are there in India?
- The difference between the two longitudinal extremes of east and west mainland India is about 29° whereas the difference between the two longitudinal extremes of east and west mainland Brazil is about 39°. No, it is not more than Brazil.
- The 82° 30′ E longitude is called Indian Standard Time (IST).
-
The IST time is 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of the GMT.
- India has only one time zone.
