Topics
Electronic Components/ Study of Components and Circuits
- Introduction to Electronic Components
- Classification Of Components
- Resistors
- Types of Resistors
- Capacitors
- Types of Capacitors
- Inductors
- Basics of Transformers
- Basics of Semiconductor Devices
- PN Junction Diode
- Half Wave Rectifier
- Types of diodes
- Transistors
- Transistor Amplifier
- Basic of Transistor as a Switch
- Switch Mode power Supply (SMPS)
- Classification of IC’S
Logic Gates and Sequential Circuit
- Introduction of Logic gates and sequential circuits
- Basics of Logic Gates
- Types of gates
- Odd/Even Parity
- DE-MORGAN'S Theorem
- NAND Gate is an Universal Building Block
- HALF ADDER AND FULL ADDER
- Multiplexers
- Demultiplexer
- Encoder
- Decoder
- FLIP-FLOPS
- Counters
- Shift Registers
Functional Hardware of Pc
Peripheral Devices
- Introduction to system buses
- Data and Address Buses
- Control Bus
- Universal Serial Bus
- ISA Bus
- EISA Bus
- Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) Bus
- VESA Local Bus (VLB)
- PCI Local Bus
Types of System Bus
In computer terms, a bus is a channel that allows information to flow between devices. If only two devices are connected, it is sometimes called a "port." A bus has access points where devices can connect to send and receive information. Inside a computer, components like the processor, cache, memory, expansion cards, and storage devices communicate with each other using one or more buses.
Data and Address Buses
A bus consists of two parts: the data bus and the address bus. The data bus, which is bi-directional, carries the data being transferred. The address bus, which is uni-directional, carries information about where the data should be transferred to or from in memory, with the CPU sending addresses on this bus.
Control Bus
The control bus sends various control signals, such as read/write signals to memory and signals for serial data transmission. It can also generate synchronization signals. Some control signals on this bus identify the type of device the processor wants to interact with.
Universal Serial Bus & ISA Bus
USB: A Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a two-way, high-speed serial interface that allows dynamic connection and disconnection of devices, which are automatically recognized by the computer. USB ports are now standard on most computers and can connect to 127 devices on one port.
ISA Bus: Industry Standard Architecture. It allows 16 bits at a time to flow between the motherboard circuitry, expansion slot card and its associated device(s). ISA runs at 8 MHz. The ISA bus is a serious bottleneck. It is used for slow speed applications like modems and sound cards
EISA & Micro Channel Architecture·(MCA) Bus
EISA: EISA is a standard (computer interconnection) architecture that extends the ISA to a 32-bit interface. EISA data transfer can reach a peak of 33 megabytes per second.
MCA: The MCA bus (Micro Channel Architecture) was IBM's upgrade to replace the ISA bus, designed to match the 32-bit data bus of the 80386DX introduced in the mid-80s. MCA is 32 bits wide and offers significant improvements over ISA, including automatic configuration of adapter cards, eliminating the need for jumpers. However, it had poor DMA controller circuitry.
VESA Local Bus & PCI Local Bus
VESA: Introduced in 1992, the VESA local bus (VLB) improved PC video performance. It is a 32-bit bus, an extension of the 486 processor/memory bus, running at 33 MHz. VLB is an extension to ISA. Now, VLB is obsolete for new systems.
PCI: The PCI bus is a local connection to the CPU, transferring data at high speeds (32 bits wide, 33 MHz). It is used for modern expansion cards like high-speed monitors and 3D graphics cards. Controlled by a specialized chipset, PCI is designed for fifth- and sixth-generation systems, though some 486 motherboards also use it.
