Topics
The Living World: Adaptations and Classification
- Biodiversity
- Adaptations and Its Types
- Adaptations of Plants
- Adaptation in Aquatic Plants (Hydrophytes)
- Adaptation in Desert Plants (Xerophytes)
- Adaptation in plants of snowy regions
- Adaptation in Forest Plants
- Adaptation in Grassland Plants (Mesophytes)
- Adaptation for Ingestion of Food in Plants
- Adaptation in Animals
- Adaptation in Aquatic Animals
- Adaptation in Forest and Grassland Animals
- Adaptation in Desert Animals
- Adaptation in animals of snowy regions
- Adaptation in Aerial Animals
- Adaptation in Reptiles
- Adaptation for Food in Animals
- Adaptation for Blending with the Surroundings
- Classification of Living Organisms
- Taxonomic Hierarchy of Living Organisms: Unit of Classification
- Nomenclature
Plants: Structure and Function
Properties of Natural Resources
Nutrition in Living Organisms
- Nutrients and Nutrition
- Autotrophic Plants
- Symbiotic Plants
- Heterotrophic Plants
- Insectivorous Plants
- Saprophytic Plants
- Role of nutrients and effects of their deficiency on plants
- Transport System in Plants
- Nitrogen Fixation
- Nutrition in Animals
- Mode of Nutrition in Animals
- Holozoic Nutrition
- Saprozoic Nutrition
- Parasitic Nutrition
Food Safety
Measurement of Physical Quantities
Motion, Force and Work
Static Electricity
Heat
Disaster Management
Cell Structure and Micro-organisms
- Cell: Structural and Functional Unit of Life
- Measurement and observation of cells
- Plant Cell and Animal Cell
- Structure of the Cell
- Cell Wall - “Supporter and Protector”
- Plasma Membrane
- Cytoplasm - “Area of Movement”
- Nucleus - “Brain” of the Cell
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Golgi Apparatus - "The delivery system of the cell"
- Lysosome - “Suicidal Bag”
- Mitochondria - “Power House of the Cell”
- Non-living Substances Or Cell Inclusion
- Plastids
- Microorganisms (Microbes) and Microbiology
- Useful micro-organisms
- Harmful Microorganisms
- Pathogens: Disease-producing Micro-organisms
The Muscular System and Digestive System in Human Beings
- Muscular System
- Muscles and Its Types
- Human Digestive System
- The Mouth and Buccal Cavity
- The Teeth and Its Structure
- The Salivary Glands
- The Food Pipe/Oesophagus
- Pharynx/Throat
- The Stomach
- The Small Intestine
- Pancreas
- Liver
- The Large Intestine
- Important Glands of the Digestive System
- Effects of Tobacco, Alcohol, Smoking, on the Digestive System
Changes – Physical and Chemical
- Changes-Physical and Chemical
- Classification of Change: Natural and Man-made Changes
- Classification of Change: Harmful and Useful Changes
- Classification of Change: Slow and Fast Changes
- Classification of Change: Reversible and Irreversible Changes
- Classification of Change: Periodic and Non-periodic Changes
- Classification of Change: Physical Changes
- Classification of Change: Chemical Changes
- Corrosion of Metals
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
Materials We Use
Natural Resources
Effects of Light
Sound: Production of Sound
Properties of a Magnetic Field
In the World of Stars
Pathogens: Disease-producing Microorganisms:
Pathogens are harmful microorganisms that cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants. They can spread through contaminated food, water, air, or insect bites, leading to various infections and illnesses.
1. Waterborne Diseases
Examples of Microbes: Entamoeba histolytica (amoebiasis), Salmonella typhi (typhoid), Vibrio cholerae (cholera), and Hepatitis A virus (hepatitis)
Pathogens can live in water bodies contaminated with sewage and dirt. If we consume contaminated water or food, it may lead to diseases of the digestive system, like: Amoebiasis, typhoid, cholera, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, etc.
2. Airborne Diseases
Examples of Microbes: Rhinovirus (common cold), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia)
When an infected person sneezes or coughs, they release pathogens into the air. If a healthy person breathes in the same air, they may develop diseases such as: Common cold, cough, diphtheria, pneumonia, tuberculosis, etc.
3. Diseases Spread by Mosquitoes
Examples of microbes: Plasmodium (malaria), Dengue virus (dengue), Filarial worms (elephantiasis), Chikungunya virus (chikungunya), and Zika virus (Zika fever).
Female mosquitoes breed in stagnant water, garbage heaps, and drains. When they bite, they transfer microbes into the bloodstream, causing diseases like: Malaria, dengue, elephantiasis, yellow fever, chikungunya, etc.
4. Preventive Measures Against Pathogens
- Check that water tanks and water sources are clean.
- Ensure school toilets and water tanks are regularly cleaned.
- Drain stagnant water in pots, tires, or cans around the house to prevent mosquito breeding.
- Regularly clean water storage containers to avoid contamination.
5. Damage to Materials by Fungi and Microorganisms
Examples of Microbes: Aspergillus and Penicillium fungi
Moist and humid conditions encourage the growth of fungi and microbes on:
- Plant products like gunny bags, cotton clothes, and paper
- Animal products like leather
These microbes spoil or damage these materials over time.
