Topics
Introduction to Microprocessors and Organization of 8085
Instruction Set and Programming of 8085
Introdcution to Inted X-86 Family
Introduction to Microcontroller
Networking Technology
- Introduction to Networking
- Types of Networks
- Multiplexing
- Study of Transmission media
- Coaxial cable (Cable Media)
- Twisted pair cable
- Fiber Optic Cable
- Unbounded (Wireless) Media
- Access Methods
- Network Topologies
- Ethernet (Network Architectures)
- Token-Ring (Network Architectures)
- Internet protocols
- Introduction to connectivity devices
- What are Protocols?
- General TCP/IP Transport protocols
- Internet Protocol (IP) & Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Internet protocols
What are Protocols?
Protocols are the rules computers follow to communicate. For successful communication, computers must agree on the same protocols.
Network data is encapsulated into packets at the source, sent through the network, and reassembled at the destination. The packet's structure depends on the protocol used but generally includes:
- Header: Marks the packet's start, containing source, destination addresses, and synchronization info.
- Data: The original transmitted data.
- Trailer: Marks the packet's end and contains error-checking data (CRC).
The network adapter checks if the packet’s destination matches the PC's address, then the processor and protocol layers process it.
General TCP/IP Transport protocols
Transport protocols use two types of addresses: a node address, identifying the device on the network, and a logical network address, indicating the network segment. TCP/IP assigns each device a unique IP address, composed of four numbers (0-255) separated by periods (e.g., 34.120.66.79). IP addresses are categorized into three classes:
Class A: First number (1-127) represents the network, and the last three numbers represent the host.
Class B: First two numbers (128-191) define the network, and the last two represent the host.
Class C: First three numbers (192-223) define the network, and the last number represents the host.
Internet Protocol (IP) & Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
IP: IP is connectionless protocol. It is packet - switching protocol that performs addressing and route selection. IP routes packets through internet works. It also performs disassembly and reassembly. IP also performs error checking.
TCP: TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that provides full-duplex, end-to-end communication, ensuring transmission integrity. It quickly detects and corrects transmission issues and handles message fragmentation and reassembly into segments for IP. TCP can also combine multiple messages into one segment. Alongside TCP and IP, other protocols include UDP, ARP, and ICMP.
