Topics
The Living World: Adaptations and Classification
- Biodiversity
- Adaptations and Its Types
- Adaptations of Plants
- Adaptation in Aquatic Plants (Hydrophytes)
- Adaptation in Desert Plants (Xerophytes)
- Adaptation in plants of snowy regions
- Adaptation in Forest Plants
- Adaptation in Grassland Plants (Mesophytes)
- Adaptation for Ingestion of Food in Plants
- Adaptation in Animals
- Adaptation in Aquatic Animals
- Adaptation in Forest and Grassland Animals
- Adaptation in Desert Animals
- Adaptation in animals of snowy regions
- Adaptation in Aerial Animals
- Adaptation in Reptiles
- Adaptation for Food in Animals
- Adaptation for Blending with the Surroundings
- Classification of Living Organisms
- Taxonomic Hierarchy of Living Organisms: Unit of Classification
- Nomenclature
Plants: Structure and Function
Properties of Natural Resources
Nutrition in Living Organisms
- Nutrients and Nutrition
- Autotrophic Plants
- Symbiotic Plants
- Heterotrophic Plants
- Insectivorous Plants
- Saprophytic Plants
- Role of nutrients and effects of their deficiency on plants
- Transport System in Plants
- Nitrogen Fixation
- Nutrition in Animals
- Mode of Nutrition in Animals
- Holozoic Nutrition
- Saprozoic Nutrition
- Parasitic Nutrition
Food Safety
Measurement of Physical Quantities
Motion, Force and Work
Static Electricity
Heat
Disaster Management
Cell Structure and Micro-organisms
- Cell: Structural and Functional Unit of Life
- Measurement and observation of cells
- Plant Cell and Animal Cell
- Structure of the Cell
- Cell Wall - “Supporter and Protector”
- Plasma Membrane
- Cytoplasm - “Area of Movement”
- Nucleus - “Brain” of the Cell
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Golgi Apparatus - "The delivery system of the cell"
- Lysosome - “Suicidal Bag”
- Mitochondria - “Power House of the Cell”
- Non-living Substances Or Cell Inclusion
- Plastids
- Microorganisms (Microbes) and Microbiology
- Useful micro-organisms
- Harmful Microorganisms
- Pathogens: Disease-producing Micro-organisms
The Muscular System and Digestive System in Human Beings
- Muscular System
- Muscles and Its Types
- Human Digestive System
- The Mouth and Buccal Cavity
- The Teeth and Its Structure
- The Salivary Glands
- The Food Pipe/Oesophagus
- Pharynx/Throat
- The Stomach
- The Small Intestine
- Pancreas
- Liver
- The Large Intestine
- Important Glands of the Digestive System
- Effects of Tobacco, Alcohol, Smoking, on the Digestive System
Changes – Physical and Chemical
- Changes-Physical and Chemical
- Classification of Change: Natural and Man-made Changes
- Classification of Change: Harmful and Useful Changes
- Classification of Change: Slow and Fast Changes
- Classification of Change: Reversible and Irreversible Changes
- Classification of Change: Periodic and Non-periodic Changes
- Classification of Change: Physical Changes
- Classification of Change: Chemical Changes
- Corrosion of Metals
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
Materials We Use
Natural Resources
Effects of Light
Sound: Production of Sound
Properties of a Magnetic Field
In the World of Stars
- Types of Leaves
- Activity
Types of Leaves:
- Simple Leaves: In some plants, the leaf has a single, continuous leaf blade. It also has one main vein in the centre called the mid-rib. These types of leaves are called simple leaves. For example, mango leaf, guava leaf.
- Compound Leaves: In some plants, the leaf blade is divided into several smaller parts called leaflets. Although the leaf is divided into leaflets, it is still considered one whole leaf. These types of leaves are called compound leaves. For example: neem leaf, rose leaf.
| Arrangement of Leaves on the Stem | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Alternate | Leaves grow one after another, with each leaf attached at a different point on the stem. | Sunflower |
| Opposite | Two leaves grow directly opposite each other on the stem. | Guava |
| Whorled | Three or more leaves grow from the same spot on the stem in a circular pattern. | Alstonia |
| Spiral | Leaves are arranged in a spiral shape around the stem. | China rose |
| Decussate | Leaves grow in pairs directly opposite each other, with each successive pair rotated 90 degrees. | Basil |
| Shape of Leaf | Description | Example |
| Obovate (Rounded) | The leaf is wider at the top and narrower at the bottom. | Banyan tree leaf |
| Palmate | The leaf looks like a hand with fingers spread out, resembling the shape of a palm. | Papaya leaf |
| Lanceolate | The leaf is long, narrow, and shaped like a lance or spear. | Bamboo leaf |
| Linear | The leaf is thin, straight, and looks like a line. | Grass leaf |
Different types of leaves
Activity
To observe and compare the venation patterns in a peepal leaf and a maize leaf.
- Take a peepal leaf and observe its veins. The main vein in the centre has many smaller veins branching out, forming a network-like pattern (reticulate venation).
- Take a maize leaf and notice its veins. The veins run parallel from the base to the tip in straight lines (parallel venation).
- Compare both leaves and note the differences in venation patterns.
- This shows that different plants have different types of venation, helping in their identification and function.
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