English

Fire Extinguisher

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Topics

  • Introduction
  • The Evolution and Functionality of CO₂ Based Fire Extinguishers
  • Working and Application

Introduction:

CO₂-based fire extinguishers are widely used for combating fires, particularly those involving electrical or electronic equipment, as they do not cause corrosion and are non-conductive. It is a portable active fire protection tool designed to suppress or control small fires during emergencies. It typically contains a dry or wet chemical agent and is not meant for large, uncontrollable fires, such as those that have spread to the ceiling, pose significant hazards to the user (e.g., lack of an escape route, heavy smoke, or explosion risk), or require the specialised equipment, personnel, and expertise of a fire department. Most fire extinguishers are handheld cylindrical pressure vessels filled with a fire-suppressing agent, although less common variants with non-cylindrical designs also exist.

Internal structure of fire extinguisher

The Evolution and Functionality of CO₂ Based Fire Extinguishers

1. Traditional Fire Extinguishers

In older models, sodium bicarbonate powder and dilute sulphuric acid were used to produce carbon dioxide (CO₂) through a chemical reaction. Pressing the knob would break a glass capsule containing sulphuric acid, which reacted with sodium bicarbonate to release CO₂. The released gas was directed at the fire, cutting off its oxygen supply.

Chemical Reaction:

2. Modern CO₂ Extinguishers

Modern fire extinguishers use liquid and solid CO₂ stored under high pressure in a cylindrical container. When the extinguisher is activated, the pressure inside is reduced, converting the liquid CO₂ into gas. The gas is expelled forcefully through a horn or hose, which cools the fire and displaces oxygen in the vicinity of the flames, thereby extinguishing the fire.

Working and Application:

1. Working

  • Oxygen Displacement: Fires need oxygen to sustain combustion. CO₂ works by creating a barrier between the fire and the surrounding oxygen, effectively starving the flames.
  • Cooling Effect: As CO₂ expands from its compressed state, it cools rapidly, which helps to lower the temperature of the fire.
  • Non-Residue and Safe: Unlike other extinguishing agents, CO₂ does not leave any residue, making it ideal for use on delicate equipment.

2. Applications: CO₂ extinguishers are best suited for

  • Electrical and electronic fires. Small-scale fires, particularly those in confined spaces like offices or server rooms.
  • However, they are not effective for large fires or fires involving flammable metals.
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