Topics
Matter
- Matter (Substance)
- Characteristics of Particles (Molecules) of Matter
- States of Matter
- The Solid State
- The Liquid State
- The Gaseous State
- Kinetic Theory of Matter
- Heat and change of physical state
- Concept of Melting (Fusion)
- Concept of Evaporation
- Concept of Boiling (Vaporization)
- Concept of Condensation (Liquefaction)
- Concept of Freezing (Solidification)
- Concept of Sublimation
- Concept of Desublimation (Deposition)
- Laws of Chemical Combination
- Law of Conservation of Mass
Physical and Chemical Changes
- Changes-Physical and Chemical
- Classification of Change: Slow and Fast Changes
- Classification of Change: Natural and Man-made Changes
- Classification of Change: Periodic and Non-periodic Changes
- Classification of Change: Reversible and Irreversible Changes
- Classification of Change: Physical Changes
- Chemical Reaction
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
- Matter (Substance)
- Natural substances
- Pure Substances
- Impure Substance
- Elements
- Types of Element: Metals
- Types of Element: Non-metal
- Type of Element: Metalloid
- Type of Elements: Noble Or Inert Gases
- Difference Between Metals, Non-metals, Metalloids, and Noble Gases
- Compound
- Mixture
- Types of Mixtures
- Formation of Mixtures
- Separation of Mixtures
- Methods of Separation
- Handpicking Method
- Magnetic Separation Method
- Gravitation Method
- Sublimation Method
- Solvent Extraction (Using a Separating Funnel Method)
- Crystallisation Method
- Sedimentation Method
- Decantation Method
- Filtration Method
- Evaporation Method
- Centrifugation Method
- Fractional Distillation Method
- Chromatography Method
- Diffusion Method
- Liquefaction Method
Atomic Structure
- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- History of Atom
- Dalton’s Atomic Theory
- J. J. Thomson’s Atomic Model
- Lord Rutherford’s Atomic model
- Discovery of Charged Particles in Matter
- Electrons (e)
- Protons (p)
- Nucleus
- Neutrons (n)
- Neils Bohr’s Model of an Atom
- Structure of an Atom
- Atomic Number (Z), Mass Number (A), and Number of Neutrons (n)
- Atomic Mass
- Isotopes
- Electronic Configuration of Atom
- Electronic Configuration of Atom
- Valency
- Variable Valency
- Ions (Radicals) and Its Types
Language of Chemistry
- Language of Chemistry
- Law of Conservation of Mass
- Symbols Used to Represent Atoms of Different Elements
- Valency
- Variable Valency
- Ions (Radicals) and Its Types
- Chemical Formula or Molecular Formula
- Molecular Formula of Compounds
- Chemical Formula or Molecular Formula
- Significance of Molecular/Chemical Formulae
- Chemical Equation
- Balancing Chemical Equation
Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reaction
- Chemical Reaction
- Chemical Reaction
- Indicators of a Chemical Change (Chemical Reaction)
- Conditions Necessary for Chemical Reactions
Types of Chemical Reactions
- Types of Chemical Change or Chemical Reaction
- Direct Combination (or Synthesis) Reaction
- Decomposition Reactions
- Single Displacement Reactions
- Double Displacement Reaction
- Types of Double Displacement: Precipitation Reaction
- Types of Double Displacement: Neutralization Reaction
- Neutralization Reactions in Our Daily Life
- Reactivity Series of Metals
- Energy Change in Chemical Reactions
- Oxides
Hydrogen
- Hydrogen
- Preparation of Hydrogen
- Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen
- Manufacture of Hydrogen
- Physical Properties of Hydrogen
- Chemical Properties of Hydrogen
- Tests for Hydrogen
- Uses of Hydrogen
- Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Reactions
Water
- Water: Our Lifeline
- Importance of Water
- Sources of Water
- Water Cycle
- Availability of Water
- Physical Properties of Water
- Anomalous Expansion of Water
- Water - a Universal Solvent
- Capacity of Water to Dissolve Substances - Saturated, Unsaturated, and Supersaturated Solutions
- Solution
- Suspension Solution
- Colloidal Solution
- Difference Between Solution, Colloidal Solution, and Suspension Solution
- Crystals and Crystallisation
- Hydrated and Anhydrous Substances
- Efflorescence, Hygroscopic, and Deliquescence Substances
- Chemical Properties of Water
- Classification of water: Soft and Hard Water
- Advantage and Disadvantage of Hard Water
- Removal of Hardness of Water
- Water Pollution and Its Causes
- Prevention of Water Pollution
- Effects of Water Pollution
- Water Management (Conservation of Water)
- Fresh Water Management
- Waste Water Management
- Water - a Universal Solvent
Carbon and Its Compounds
- Carbon: a Versatile Element
- Classification of Compounds of Carbon
Allotropy in carbon
Amorphous Forms of Carbon
- Non-crystalline/Amorphous Forms: Coal
- Non-crystalline/Amorphous Forms: Coke
- Non-crystalline/Amorphous Forms: Charcoal
- Non-crystalline/Amorphous Forms: Lamp Black (Soot)
- Non-crystalline/Amorphous Forms: Gas Carbon
Carbon Dioxide
- Carbon Dioxide
- Preparation of Carbon Dioxide
- Laboratory Preparation of Carbon Dioxide
- Properties of Carbon Dioxide
- Tests for Carbon Dioxide
- Importance of Carbon Dioxide
- Fire Extinguisher
- Carbon Dioxide
- Green House Effect
- Preventive Measures of Green House Effect
- Global Warming
- Preventive Measures of Global Warming
- Cause of Increased Percentage of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere
- Steps to Balance Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere
Carbon Monoxide - A Compound of Carbon
- Carbon Monoxide
- Formation of Carbon Monoxide and Its Addition to the Atmosphere
- Harmful Effects of Carbon Monoxide
- Precautions and Remedies for Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
- Reducing Action of Carbon Monoxide
Indicators of a Chemical Change (Chemical Reaction):
1. Word Equation: The first step in writing a chemical equation is to create a word equation. This involves naming all the substances involved in the reaction.
2. Chemical Equation: When we replace the names of the substances in the word equation with their chemical formulas, it becomes a chemical equation.
3. Structure of a Chemical Equation
- The original substances, which are the ones that take part in the reaction, are written on the left side of the equation.
- These original substances are called reactants.
- The new substances formed as a result of the reaction are written on the right side.
- These new substances are called products.
4. Arrow Symbol
An arrow (→) is drawn between the reactants and the products. The arrowhead points towards the products, showing the direction in which the reaction proceeds.
For Example,
For a reaction like baking soda with vinegar:
i. Word Equation:
Baking soda + Vinegar → Carbon dioxide + Water + Sodium acetate
ii. Chemical Equation:
NaHCO₃ + CH₃COOH → CO₂ + H₂O + CH₃COONa
This format clearly indicates which substances are used up (reactants) and which substances are formed (products) during a chemical change.
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