Topics
Gravitation
- Concept of Gravitation
- Force
- Motion and Rest
- Centripetal Acceleration and Centripetal Force
- Kepler’s Laws
- Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Earth’s Gravitational force
- Acceleration Due to Gravity (Earth’s Gravitational Acceleration)
- Concept of Mass and Weight
- Gravitational Waves
- Free Fall
- Gravitational Potential Energy
- Weightlessness in Space
Periodic Classification of Elements
- History of Periodic Table: Early Attempts at the Classification of Elements
- Dobereiner’s Triads
- Newland's Law of Octaves
- Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
- Merits and Demerits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
- Modern Periodic Law
- The Modern Periodic Table
- Structure of the Modern Periodic Table
- Modern Periodic Table and Electronic Configuration of Elements
- Groups and Electronic Configuration
- Periods and Electronic Configuration
- Periodic Properties
- Valency
- Atomic Radius Or Atomic Size
- Metallic and Non-metallic Characters
- Group VIIA Or Group 17 (The Halogens)
Chemical Reactions and Equations
- Chemical Reaction
- Chemical Equation
- Balancing Chemical Equation
- Types of Chemical Change or Chemical Reaction
- Direct Combination (or Synthesis) Reaction
- Decomposition Reactions
- Single Displacement Reactions
- Double Displacement Reaction
- Energy Change in Chemical Reactions
- Rate of Chemical Reaction
- Factors Affecting the Rate of a Chemical Reaction
- Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Reactions
- Corrosion of Metals
- Rancidity of Food and Its Prevention
Effects of Electric Current
- Electric Circuit
- Ohm's Law (V = IR)
- Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
- Right-hand Thumb Rule
- Magnetic Field Due to Current in a Loop (Or Circular Coil)
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current Carving Cylindrical Coil (or Solenoid)
- Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
- Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
- Electric Motor
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Galvanometer
- Fleming’s Right Hand Rule
- Types of Current
- Electric Generator
Heat
Refraction of Light
Lenses
- Concept of Lenses
- Spherical Lens
- Convex Lens
- Images Formed by Convex Lenses
- Concave Lens
- Images Formed by Concave Lenses
- Sign Convention
- Lens Formula
- Magnification Due to Spherical Lenses
- Power of a Lens
- Combination of Lenses
- Human Eye
- Working of the Human Eye
- Eye Defect and Its Correction: Myopia Or Near-sightedness
- Eye Defect and its Correction: Hypermetropia or Far-sightedness
- Eye Defect and Its Correction: Presbyopia
- Persistence of Vision
Metallurgy
- Types of Element: Metals
- Physical Properties of Metals
- Chemical Properties of Metal
- Reactions of Metal
- Reactivity Series of Metals
- Types of Element: Non-metal
- Physical Properties of Non-metal
- Chemical Properties of Non-metal
- Ionic Compounds
- Metallurgy
- Basic Principles of Metallurgy
- Extraction of Reactive Metals
- Extraction of Aluminium
- Extraction of Moderately Reactive Metals
- Extraction of Less Reactive Metals
- Refining of Metals
- Corrosion of Metals
- Prevention of Corrosion
Carbon Compounds
- Carbon Compounds in Everyday Life
- Bonds in Carbon Compounds
- Carbon: a Versatile Element
- Properties of Carbon
- Hydrocarbons
- Structural Variations of Carbon Chains in Hydrocarbons
- Functional Groups in Carbon Compounds
- Homologous Series of Carbon Compound
- Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
- The IUPAC System of Nomenclature
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds
- Ethanol
- Ethanoic Acid
- Macromolecules and Polymers
Space Missions
- Concept of Space Missions
- Artificial Satellites
- Types of Satellite
- Orbits of Artificial Satellites
- Space launch technology
- Space Missions Away from Earth
- India’s Space Programmes: Chandrayaan – 1
- India’s Space Programmes: Chandrayaan – 2
- India’s Space Programmes: Chandrayaan – 3
- India’s Space Programmes: Mangalyaan (Mars vehicle)
- India’s Space Programmes: Missions to Other Planets
- India and Space Technology
- Space Debris and Its Management
School of Elements
The Magic of Chemical Reactions
The Acid Base Chemistry
- Properties of Acids
- Strength of Acidic or Basic Solutions
- Strength of Acidic or Basic Solutions
- Acids, Bases and Their Reactivity
- Acid or a Base in a Water Solution
- Preparation and Uses of Baking Soda
- Preparation and Uses of Bleaching Powder
- Preparation and Uses of Washing Soda
- Preparation and Uses of Plaster of Paris
- Chemicals from Common Salt - Soap as a Salt
The Electric Spark
All about Electromagnetism
- Magnetic Force
- The Bar Magnet
- Right-hand Thumb Rule
- Magnetic Field Due to Current in a Loop (Or Circular Coil)
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current Carving Cylindrical Coil (or Solenoid)
- Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
- Electric Motor
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Alternating Current (A.C.) Generator
- Direct Current Motor
- Household Electrical Circuits
Wonders of Light 1
- Spherical Mirrors
- Concave Mirror
- Concave Mirror
- Sign Convention
- Linear Magnification (M) Due to Spherical Mirrors
- Images Formed by Sperical Lenses
- Convex Lens
- Sign Convention
- Magnification Due to Spherical Lenses
- Power of a Lens
- Human Eye
- Eye Defect and Its Correction: Myopia Or Near-sightedness
- Spherical Mirrors
Wonders of Light 2
Striving for better Environment 1
- Pollution and Its Types
- Air Pollution and Its Causes
- Effects of Air Pollution
- Water Pollution and Its Causes
- Effects of Water Pollution
- Soil Pollution and its Causes
- Effects of Soil Pollution
- Noise Pollution
- Radioactive Pollution and Effects
- Abatement of Pollution
- Sustainable Use of Resources
- India’s Mars Mission (Mangalyaan)
- Indian-Origin Astronauts and Space Heroes
India’s Mars Mission (Mangalyaan)
| After exploring the Moon, India set its sights on Mars — the next closest planet to Earth. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched its first Mars mission, called Mangalyaan, or the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), on 5 November 2013. This mission was a significant milestone in India’s space journey. |
|
Mars Orbitor Mission: Mangalyaan |
What made Mangalyaan especially remarkable was that it was developed on a very low budget — around ₹450 crore (~US$74 million), making it one of the most cost-effective interplanetary missions ever.
- Despite the challenges — as nearly half of all Mars missions by other countries had failed — ISRO succeeded in its very first attempt.
- The spacecraft was launched aboard a PSLV-C25 rocket from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, and it entered Mars orbit on 24 September 2014.
- With this success, India became the first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit and the first in the world to do so on its maiden attempt.
- The main goals of the mission were to collect data about the Martian surface, mineral composition, atmosphere, and morphology.
- Mangalyaan operated well beyond its expected 6-month lifespan, sending valuable information for over seven years before the mission concluded in 2022.
India's Mars mission was a proud moment for the nation and showcased ISRO’s ability to achieve complex space goals with efficiency, innovation, and limited resources.
Indian-Origin Astronauts and Space Heroes
| Name | Rakesh Sharma | Kalpana Chawla | Sunita Williams |
| Photograph |  |
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| Key Identity | First Indian in space | First Indian-origin woman in space | Indian-origin NASA astronaut |
| Education | Trained as a test pilot; Wing Commander in Indian Air Force | B.E. in Aeronautical Engineering (Punjab Engineering College); M.S. & PhD (University of Colorado) | B.S. in Physical Science (U.S. Naval Academy); M.S. in Engineering Management (Florida Institute of Technology) |
| Space Missions & Details | Flew aboard Soyuz T-11 on 3 April 1984 under the Indo-Soviet programme; spent 8 days aboard Salyut 7 space station. |
First mission: STS-87 (1997); second mission: STS-107 (2003); total time in space: 336 hours (14 days). |
First mission: STS-116 (2006–2007); Second: Expedition 32/33 (2012); Total time in space: 195 days. Performed 7 spacewalks, 50+ hrs. |
| Notable Achievements | First Indian to travel to space. Famous quote: “Saare Jahan Se Accha” from space. | First Indian-origin woman in space. Died in the Columbia shuttle disaster (2003). | Held the world record (at the time) for most spacewalks by a woman. Worked 29 hours outside ISS. |
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Related QuestionsVIEW ALL [10]
Match the following.
| Chandrayaan | Fuel |
| Mangalyaan | Moon |
| Cryogenic | First manned mission to the moon |
| Apollo - 8 | First man landing mission to the moon |
| Apollo - 11 | Mars |
