Crores

The largest seven-digit number is 99,99,999. On adding the number 1 to it, we get the smallest eight-digit number, 1,00,00,000. This figure is interpreted as "one crore." The new place created to write this number is called the ‘crores’ place.

Reading and Writing Eight-Digit Numbers:
(1) 8,45,12,706: Eight crore forty-five lakh twelve thousand seven hundred and six
(2) 5,61,63,589: Five crore sixty-one lakh sixty-three thousand five hundred and eighty-nine.
Formation of large numbers:
9 + 1 = 10
99 + 1 = 100
999 + 1 = 1,000
9,999 + 1 = 10,000
99,999 + 1 = 1,00,000
9,99,999 + 1 = 10,00,000
99,99,999 + 1 = 1,00,00,000
Reading and Writing Large Numbers

Expressing Large Numbers in the Standard Form:
Any number can be expressed as a decimal number between 1.0 and 10.0, including 1.0 multiplied by a power of 10. Such a form of a number is called its standard form.

• Step 1: First of all, count the number of digits from the left, leaving only the first digit.
• Step 2: To write it in exponent or standard form, write down the first digit.
• Step 3: If there are more digits in the number, then put a decimal after the first digit and then write down the other digits until the zero comes.
• Step 4: Now place a multiplication sign and then write down the counted digits in the first step as the exponent to the base number 10.

150,000,000,000 = 1.5 × 10¹¹

While converting a huge number like 150,000,000,000 into standard form, we need to move the decimal place towards the left, and when we do so, the exponent will be positive.  Thus,
59 = 5.9 × 10 = 5.9 × 10¹
590 = 5.9 × 100 = 5.9 × 10²
5900 = 5.9 × 1000 = 5.9 × 10³
5900 = 5.9 × 10000 = 5.9 × 10⁴ and so on.
Thus,
5,985 = 5.985 × 1,000 = 5.985 × 10³ is the standard form of 5,985.
Note, 5,985 can also be expressed as 59.85 × 100 or 59.85 × 10². But these are not the standard forms of 5,985. Similarly,
5,985 = 0.5985 × 10,000 = 0.5985 × 10⁴ is also not the standard form of 5,985.

Examples:
The distance of the Sun from the centre of our galaxy, i.e., 300,000,000,000,000,000,000 m, can be written as 3.0 × 100,000,000,000,000,000,000 = 3.0 × 10²⁰m

Mass of the Earth = 5,976,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg = 5.976 × 10²⁴ kg.