| Name of Disease | Pathogen | Mode of Infection | Symptoms | Prevention and Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tuberculosis | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Spitting by patient, through air, prolonged contact with and sharing of materials of patient | Chronic cough, bloody spitting, emaciation, difficult breathing | BCG vaccine, isolation of patient, regular medication like DOT |
| Hepatitis (Jaundice) | Hepatitis virus: A, B, C, D, E | Contaminated water, sharing of needles, blood transfusion | Anorexia, yellow urine, general weakness, nausea, vomiting, grey stool | Drinking boiled water, proper cleaning of hands |
| Dysentery | Bacteria, virus, Shigella, bacilli, Entamoeba histolytica | Contaminated food and water | Watery stool, pains in abdomen | Drinking of boiled water, proper storage of food, ORS consumption |
| Cholera | Vibrio cholerae (bacterium) | Contaminated food and water | Vomiting, severe diarrhea, cramps in legs | Following hygienic practices, avoiding open place food, drinking boiled water, and vaccination against cholera |
| Typhoid | Salmonella typhi (bacterium) | Contaminated food and water | Anorexia, headache, rash on abdomen, dysentery, fever up to 104°F | Drinking clean water, vaccination, and proper disposal of sewage |
Topics
Matter in Our Surroundings
- Matter (Substance)
- Characteristics of Particles (Molecules) of Matter
- The Solid State
- The Liquid State
- The Gaseous State
- Plasma
- Bose-einstein Condensate
- Heat and change of physical state
- Concept of Evaporation
- Concept of Melting (Fusion)
- Concept of Boiling (Vaporization)
- Concept of Sublimation
- Concept of Freezing (Solidification)
- Concept of Condensation (Liquefaction)
- Concept of Desublimation (Deposition)
Is Matter Around Us Pure
- Matter (Substance)
- Natural substances
- Mixture
- Types of Mixtures
- Solution
- Concentration of a Solution
- Suspension Solution
- Colloidal Solution
- Evaporation Method
- Solvent Extraction (Using a Separating Funnel Method)
- Sublimation Method
- Chromatography Method
- Simple Distillation Method
- Fractional Distillation Method
- Crystallisation Method
- Classification of Change: Physical Changes
- Chemical Reaction
- Pure Substances
- Compound
- Elements
Atoms and Molecules
- History of Atom
- Laws of Chemical Combination
- Law of Conservation of Mass
- Law of Constant Proportions (Law of Definite Proportions)
- Dalton’s Atomic Theory
- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- Symbols Used to Represent Atoms of Different Elements
- Atomic Mass
- Relative Atomic Mass (RAM)
- Molecules
- Classification of Molecules
- Difference Between Atoms and Molecules
- Ions (Radicals) and Its Types
- Chemical Formula or Molecular Formula
- Molecular Mass
- Formula Unit Mass
- Mole Concept
- Atoms and Molecules Numericals
Structure of the Atom
- Existence of Charged Particles in Matter
- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- Discovery of Charged Particles in Matter
- Protons (p)
- Electrons (e)
- Neutrons (n)
- J. J. Thomson’s Atomic Model
- Advantage and Limitations of Thomson’s Atomic Model
- Lord Rutherford’s Atomic model
- Limitations of Rutherford’s Atomic Model
- Neils Bohr’s Model of an Atom
- Electronic Configuration of Atom
- Valency
- Different Ways to Determine Valency
- Atomic Number (Z), Mass Number (A), and Number of Neutrons (n)
- Atomic Mass
- Isotopes
- Uses of Radioactive Isotopes
- Isobars
- Atoms and Molecules Numericals
The Fundamental Unit of Life
- Cell: Structural and Functional Unit of Life
- The Invention of the Microscope and the Discovery of Cell
- Cell Theory
- Organisms Show Variety in Cell Number, Shape and Size
- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
- Simple Diffusion
- Concept of Osmosis
- Osmotic Pressure
- Structure of the Cell
- Plasma Membrane
- Semi-permeable Membrane (Cell Membrane)
- Cell Wall - “Supporter and Protector”
- Nucleus - “Brain” of the Cell
- Cytoplasm - “Area of Movement”
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Golgi Apparatus - "The delivery system of the cell"
- Lysosome - “Suicidal Bag”
- Mitochondria - “Power House of the Cell”
- Plastids
- Non-living Substances Or Cell Inclusion
- Plant Cell and Animal Cell
- Cell Division: an Essential Life Process
Tissues
- Tissues - “The Teams of Workers”
- Plant and Animals Tissue
- Plant Tissues
- Meristems or Meristematic Tissues
- Permanent Tissue
- Simple Permanent Tissues (Supporting Tissue)
- Complex Permanent Tissues
- Complex Permanent Tissue: Xylem Structure and Function (Conducting Tissue)
- Complex Permanent Tissue: Phloem Structure and Function (Conducting Tissue)
- Animal Tissues
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Muscular Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
Motion
- Motion and Rest
- Describing Motion
- Motion Along a Straight Line
- Types of Motion
- Measuring the Rate of Motion - Speed with Direction
- Rate of Change of Velocity
- Distance and Displacement
- Displacement - Time Graph Or Distance - Time Graph
- Velocity - Time Graphs
- Equations of Motion by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Velocity - Time Relation by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Displacement - Time Relation by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Displacement - Velocity Relation by Graphical Method
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Motion (Numerical)
Diversity in Living Organisms
- Biodiversity
- Biological Classification
- Classification of Living Organisms
- Taxonomic Hierarchy of Living Organisms: Unit of Classification
- Five Kingdom Classification
- Kingdom Monera
- Kingdom Protista
- Kingdom Fungi
- Classification of Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Animalia
- Differences Between Plantae (Plants) and Animalia (Animals)
- Classification of Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Plantae: Thallophyta (Algae)
- Kingdom Plantae: Thallophyta (Fungi)
- Division II- Bryophytes
- Division III- Pteridophytes
- Division I-Gymnosperms
- Division II- Angiosperms
- Kingdom Animalia
- Phylum: Porifera
- Phylum: Cnidaria/Coelenterata
- Phylum: Platyhelminthes
- Invertebrate: Phylum Nematoda
- Phylum: Annelida
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Phylum: Mollusca
- Phylum: Echinodermata
- Subphylum: Prochordata
- Chordata: Vertebrata
- Invertebrata and Vertebrata
- Taxonomy and Systematics
- Nomenclature
Force and Laws of Motion
Gravitation
Work and Energy
Sound
- Sound
- Production of Sound
- Propagation of Sound
- Sound Need a Medium to Travel
- Sound Waves Are Longitudinal Waves
- Characteristics of a Sound Wave
- Speed of Sound (Velocity of Sound)
- Reflection of Sound
- Echoes
- Reverberation
- Uses of Multiple Reflection of Sound
- Range of Hearing in Humans
- Ultrasonic Sound Or Ultrasound
- SONAR
- Human Ear
- Sound (Numerical)
Improvement in Food Resources
- Improvements in Food Resources
- Improvement in Crop Yields
- Crop Variety Improvement
- Crop Production Improvement
- Crop Protection Management
- Methods to Replenish Nutrients in Your Soil
- Manuring (Biomanuring)
- Fertilizers
- Improved methods of agriculture
- Agricultural Assistance Programme
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock)
- Dairy Farming
- Poultry Farming
- Pisciculture (Fish Farming)
- Apiculture (Bee Farming)
Why Do We Fall ill
- Health
- Disease
- Categories of Disease
- Acute and Chronic Diseases
- Causes of Disease
- Communicable Or Infectious Diseases
- Infectious Agents
- Manifestation of Diseases
- Modes of Transmission of Diseases
- Organ-specific and Tissue-specific Manifestations
- Principles of Prevention of Diseases
- Principles of Treatment of Diseases
Natural Resources
- Natural Resources
- Biosphere: The Domain of Life
- Air is a Mixture
- Atmosphere and Its Layers
- Wind: The Movement of Air
- Rain
- Water: Our Lifeline
- Where Do We Get Water From?
- Availability of Water
- Importance of Water
- Water Pollution and Its Causes
- Mineral Riches in the Soil
- Biogeochemical Cycle
- Water Cycle
- Nitrogen Cycle
- The Carbon Cycle
- The Oxygen Cycle
- Ozone
- Ozone Layer Depletion
- Introduction
- Infectious and Non-infectious causes of Disease
Introduction:
Infectious diseases are illnesses that can spread from one person to another. For example, if someone has the flu, a cold, or chickenpox, they can pass the disease to others by being near them. Some illnesses, like burns or backaches, cannot be passed to others. They stay with the person who has them. But diseases like ringworm, scabies, and the common cold are infectious, meaning they spread from person to person. Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms or germs. These germs can be bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Each infectious disease is caused by a specific type of germ.
When the germs of a disease enter the body, they grow and cause the person to become sick. Infectious diseases can spread through:
- Coughing or sneezing: Germs are released into the air and can infect others.
- Touching: If someone touches an infected person or surfaces they’ve touched, they can catch the germs.
- Sharing food or drinks: Germs can spread when people share food, drinks, or utensils.
Diseases spread through contaminated air, water, food, or vectors (insects and other animals) are called infectious diseases.
Infectious and Non-infectious causes of Disease:
- Infectious causes: These are the extrinsic or external disease-causing factors. They lead to infectious diseases and can affect the whole community, as they are transferable from one person to another. For example, flu or influenza, is caused by a virus. If one person in a class has the flu, others can catch it through coughing, sneezing, or touching the same objects.
- Non-infectious causes: These are the intrinsic or internal factors that cause disease. They lead to non-infectious diseases and do not affect the whole community, as they are non-transferable from one person to another. For example, diabetes is a non-infectious disease caused by a problem with how the body controls sugar levels in the blood. It cannot spread to other people.
If you would like to contribute notes or other learning material, please submit them using the button below.
Shaalaa.com | Infectious and Non-Infectious
to track your progress
