Disorders Due to Chromosomal Abnormalities

Chromosomal abnormalities occur when there is a change in the number of chromosomes in an individual. These changes can be in autosomes (non-sex chromosomes) or sex chromosomes.

• If the numerical change affects autosomes, the individual may exhibit physical or mental abnormalities, but they are usually not sterile. However, their lifespan is often shorter.
• When the abnormalities involve sex chromosomes, sterility is more common, and the development of reproductive organs is often affected.

Child with Down syndrome

Hand of a child with Turner syndrome

1. Down Syndrome

Diagnosis:

• Chromosomal analysis through procedures like amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling during pregnancy.
• Physical characteristics and chromosomal testing confirm the condition.

Management:

There is no cure for Down syndrome, but early intervention can improve quality of life.

Supportive care includes:

• Special education programs.
• Speech therapy and occupational therapy.
• Regular health check-ups to manage associated medical conditions.

2. Turner Syndrome

Diagnosis:

• Amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling can detect chromosomal abnormalities during pregnancy.
• Physical signs may indicate Turner syndrome, confirmed by a karyotype test to analyse chromosomes.

Management:

• Growth hormone therapy: To improve height during childhood.
• Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Oestrogen therapy helps initiate puberty and maintain secondary sexual characteristics.
• Women with Turner syndrome may explore assisted reproductive technologies like egg donation for pregnancy.
• Heart, kidney, and thyroid conditions need close monitoring and management.
• Special education or learning support can address difficulties with specific academic skills.

3. Klinefelter Syndrome

Diagnosis:

• Chromosomal analysis through amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling during pregnancy can detect the condition.
• Symptoms may prompt testing, confirmed by a karyotype test to identify the chromosomal abnormality.

Management:

• Testosterone therapy helps develop male characteristics, such as increased muscle mass, deeper voice, and body hair growth.
• Although most men with Klinefelter syndrome are infertile, assisted reproductive technologies, such as sperm retrieval and IVF, may help in some cases.
• Special education programs can help address learning difficulties.
• Counselling or therapy can support emotional and social development.
• Screening and treatment for associated conditions like osteoporosis, diabetes, and heart disease are essential.